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Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the epithelium?

A
  1. forms secretory tissue of glands and ducts
  2. specialized receptors for senses
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2
Q

What is the structure of the epithelium from inner to outer?

A

apical layer< cellular layer< basal layer

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3
Q

What are the interior layers of the epithelium?

A
  1. mesothelium: inside body cavities, covering internal organs
  2. endothelium: vascular and lymphatic system
  3. endocardium: inside heart
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the endothelium?

A
  1. cell junctions: connect cells to basal membrane and other cells
  2. polarity
  3. basement membrane: layer under epithelium
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5
Q

Where is epithelioid tissue located?

A

endocrine glands, epithelioreticular cells, epithelium-derived tumors

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6
Q

What is the difference between epithelial and epithelioid tissue?

A

epithelial: apical free surface
epithelioid: absence of apical free surface

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7
Q

What defines stratified and simple cells?

A

apical layer of cells and number of cellular layers

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8
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

surface epithelium + basement membrane + lamina propria (loose connective tissue)

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9
Q

Does the mucosa have muscle?

A

yes

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10
Q

What does the mucosa line?

A

digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts

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11
Q

What is the serosa?

A

mesothelium + basement membrane + connective tissue

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12
Q

Does the serosa have muscle?

A

NO

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13
Q

What does the serosa line?

A

body cavities (peritoneal, pericardial, pleural)

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14
Q

What are pseudostratified columnar cells?

A

not all epithelial cells reach the surface; uneven rows

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15
Q

What is a transitional cuboidal cell?

A

plenty of cells; no uniformed row

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16
Q

Where is a simple cuboidal cell located?

A

surface of ovary -> barrier (germinal epithelium)

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17
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal cells?

A
  1. kidney tubules -> absorption
  2. thyroid tubules -> absorption
  3. pancreas -> absorption
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18
Q

What are simple cuboidal cells?

A

small ducts of exocrine glands

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19
Q

What are stratified cuboidal cells?

A

large ducts of exocrine glands

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20
Q

Where are simple columnar cells located?

A

in small intestine (secretory function) + reproductive system

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21
Q

What type of cell serves as a sensory function in the eyes?

A

simple columnar cell

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22
Q

What are the roles of simple columnar cells?

A
  1. impermeable barrier against ingested bacteria
  2. permeable to necessary ions
  3. absorbs and transports nutrients
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23
Q

What are stratified columnar cells classified as?

A

ciliated or non-ciliated

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24
Q

What is the secretory function of stratified columnar cells?

A

large ducts of exocrine glands

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25
What can pseudostratified columnar cells be classified as?
ciliated or non-ciliated
26
What is the secretory function of pseudostratified columnar cells?
respiratory system
27
Pseudostratified columnar cells can specialize to secrete what?
mucus (goblet cells)
28
What are simple squamous cells composed of?
endothelium and mesothelium
29
What are examples of simple squamous cells?
pleura and peritoneum
30
What can stratified squamous cells be classified as?
keratinized and non-keratinized
31
Are microvilli or stereocilia motile?
NO
32
What type of filaments do microvilli or stereocilia contain?
actin filaments
33
What is the function of microvilli?
absorption -> spread apart due to myosin
34
What is the function of stereocilia?
absorption and sensory
35
What are the names for the microvilli for intestines and kidneys?
striated border = intestines brush border = kidneys
36
What is the important math expression to remember for stereocilia?
9 + 0
37
What is the important math expression to remember for cilia?
9 + 2
38
What does cilia contain?
9 microtubules with dynein arms + center doublet
39
Where can cilia be found?
trachea, bronchi, oviducts, ependyma, sperm
40
What are the 3 apical modifications?
microvilli, stereocilia, cilia
41
What is the purpose of microtubules?
1. provide movement for cilia in nondividing, dividing, and ciliated cells 2. provide movement for chromosomes for cell division
42
What type of subunits do microtubules contain?
alpha and beta
43
Where are microtubules formed?
at the MTOC
44
What are microtubules bound by?
kinesin and dynein
45
What are the types of intermediate filaments?
1. acidic 2. basic 3. vimentin-like 4. neurofilaments 5. lamins 6. nestin
46
What type of ring is necessary for microtubule nucleation?
gamma tubulin
47
What is primary ciliary dyskinesia?
dysfunctional cilia
48
What is Kartagener's syndrome?
structural ABSENCE of dynein arms
49
What is Young's syndrome?
MALFORMATION of dynein arms
50
What are the 3 epithelial cell junctions?
lateral, basal, apical
51
What does the lateral domain include?
zonula occludens, macula, zonula adherens, gap junctions
52
What is the purpose of the lateral domain?
lateral folds -> increased lateral surface
53
What are the 3 types of lateral cell junctions?
1. anchoring: zonula and macula adherens 2. occluding/tight: zonula occuldens 3. communicating: gap junctions
54
What are the proteins for occluding lateral junctions?
occludin, claudins, junctional adhesion molecule
55
What are the proteins for anchoring lateral junctions?
zonula: E-cadherins macula: cadherins
56
What are the proteins for communicating lateral junctions?
connexin family
57
What is the one basal cell junction?
1. anchoring: hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions
58
What is the protein for anchoring basal junction?
integrins
59
What is the role of occluding lateral junction?
primary intercellular diffusion barrier
60
What is the role of anchoring lateral junction?
mechanical stability of cells via actin or intermediate filaments
61
What is the role of communicating lateral junction?
direct communication between cells by diffusion
62
Hemidesmosomes anchor ..... filaments to ....
intermediate; basal lamina
63
Focal adhesions anchor .... filaments to ....
actin; basal lamina
64
What is clostridium perfringens?
attacks zonula occludens by binding to claudin
65
What is helicobacter pylori?
attacks zonula occludens by binding to occludens proteins
66
What is the difference between the basal lamina and the basement membrane?
basal lamina: detected by electron microscope basement membrane: detected by light microscopy
67
When are endocrine glands formed?
WITHOUT contact
68
When are exocrine glands formed?
WITH contact
69
What type of gland contacts the surface?
exocrine
70
What are the mechanisms of exocrine gland secretion?
1. merocrine: sweat; membrane bound vesicles 2. apocrine: mammary; membrane + cytoplasm 3. holocrine: sebaceous; entire cell breaks open
71
What are the types of secretion from exocrine glands?
1. mucus: viscous, slimy, water-soluble 2. serous: non-viscous, watery solution 3. mixed: combination of mucus + serous

Histology (7 decks)

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