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Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the epithelium?

A
  1. forms secretory tissue of glands and ducts
  2. specialized receptors for senses
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2
Q

What is the structure of the epithelium from inner to outer?

A

apical layer< cellular layer< basal layer

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3
Q

What are the interior layers of the epithelium?

A
  1. mesothelium: inside body cavities, covering internal organs
  2. endothelium: vascular and lymphatic system
  3. endocardium: inside heart
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the endothelium?

A
  1. cell junctions: connect cells to basal membrane and other cells
  2. polarity
  3. basement membrane: layer under epithelium
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5
Q

Where is epithelioid tissue located?

A

endocrine glands, epithelioreticular cells, epithelium-derived tumors

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6
Q

What is the difference between epithelial and epithelioid tissue?

A

epithelial: apical free surface
epithelioid: absence of apical free surface

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7
Q

What defines stratified and simple cells?

A

apical layer of cells and number of cellular layers

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8
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

surface epithelium + basement membrane + lamina propria (loose connective tissue)

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9
Q

Does the mucosa have muscle?

A

yes

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10
Q

What does the mucosa line?

A

digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts

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11
Q

What is the serosa?

A

mesothelium + basement membrane + connective tissue

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12
Q

Does the serosa have muscle?

A

NO

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13
Q

What does the serosa line?

A

body cavities (peritoneal, pericardial, pleural)

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14
Q

What are pseudostratified columnar cells?

A

not all epithelial cells reach the surface; uneven rows

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15
Q

What is a transitional cuboidal cell?

A

plenty of cells; no uniformed row

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16
Q

Where is a simple cuboidal cell located?

A

surface of ovary -> barrier (germinal epithelium)

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17
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal cells?

A
  1. kidney tubules -> absorption
  2. thyroid tubules -> absorption
  3. pancreas -> absorption
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18
Q

What are simple cuboidal cells?

A

small ducts of exocrine glands

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19
Q

What are stratified cuboidal cells?

A

large ducts of exocrine glands

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20
Q

Where are simple columnar cells located?

A

in small intestine (secretory function) + reproductive system

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21
Q

What type of cell serves as a sensory function in the eyes?

A

simple columnar cell

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22
Q

What are the roles of simple columnar cells?

A
  1. impermeable barrier against ingested bacteria
  2. permeable to necessary ions
  3. absorbs and transports nutrients
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23
Q

What are stratified columnar cells classified as?

A

ciliated or non-ciliated

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24
Q

What is the secretory function of stratified columnar cells?

A

large ducts of exocrine glands

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25
Q

What can pseudostratified columnar cells be classified as?

A

ciliated or non-ciliated

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26
Q

What is the secretory function of pseudostratified columnar cells?

A

respiratory system

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27
Q

Pseudostratified columnar cells can specialize to secrete what?

A

mucus (goblet cells)

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28
Q

What are simple squamous cells composed of?

A

endothelium and mesothelium

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29
Q

What are examples of simple squamous cells?

A

pleura and peritoneum

30
Q

What can stratified squamous cells be classified as?

A

keratinized and non-keratinized

31
Q

Are microvilli or stereocilia motile?

32
Q

What type of filaments do microvilli or stereocilia contain?

A

actin filaments

33
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

absorption -> spread apart due to myosin

34
Q

What is the function of stereocilia?

A

absorption and sensory

35
Q

What are the names for the microvilli for intestines and kidneys?

A

striated border = intestines
brush border = kidneys

36
Q

What is the important math expression to remember for stereocilia?

37
Q

What is the important math expression to remember for cilia?

38
Q

What does cilia contain?

A

9 microtubules with dynein arms + center doublet

39
Q

Where can cilia be found?

A

trachea, bronchi, oviducts, ependyma, sperm

40
Q

What are the 3 apical modifications?

A

microvilli, stereocilia, cilia

41
Q

What is the purpose of microtubules?

A
  1. provide movement for cilia in nondividing, dividing, and ciliated cells
  2. provide movement for chromosomes for cell division
42
Q

What type of subunits do microtubules contain?

A

alpha and beta

43
Q

Where are microtubules formed?

A

at the MTOC

44
Q

What are microtubules bound by?

A

kinesin and dynein

45
Q

What are the types of intermediate filaments?

A
  1. acidic
  2. basic
  3. vimentin-like
  4. neurofilaments
  5. lamins
  6. nestin
46
Q

What type of ring is necessary for microtubule nucleation?

A

gamma tubulin

47
Q

What is primary ciliary dyskinesia?

A

dysfunctional cilia

48
Q

What is Kartagener’s syndrome?

A

structural ABSENCE of dynein arms

49
Q

What is Young’s syndrome?

A

MALFORMATION of dynein arms

50
Q

What are the 3 epithelial cell junctions?

A

lateral, basal, apical

51
Q

What does the lateral domain include?

A

zonula occludens, macula, zonula adherens, gap junctions

52
Q

What is the purpose of the lateral domain?

A

lateral folds -> increased lateral surface

53
Q

What are the 3 types of lateral cell junctions?

A
  1. anchoring: zonula and macula adherens
  2. occluding/tight: zonula occuldens
  3. communicating: gap junctions
54
Q

What are the proteins for occluding lateral junctions?

A

occludin, claudins, junctional adhesion molecule

55
Q

What are the proteins for anchoring lateral junctions?

A

zonula: E-cadherins
macula: cadherins

56
Q

What are the proteins for communicating lateral junctions?

A

connexin family

57
Q

What is the one basal cell junction?

A
  1. anchoring: hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions
58
Q

What is the protein for anchoring basal junction?

59
Q

What is the role of occluding lateral junction?

A

primary intercellular diffusion barrier

60
Q

What is the role of anchoring lateral junction?

A

mechanical stability of cells via actin or intermediate filaments

61
Q

What is the role of communicating lateral junction?

A

direct communication between cells by diffusion

62
Q

Hemidesmosomes anchor ….. filaments to ….

A

intermediate; basal lamina

63
Q

Focal adhesions anchor …. filaments to ….

A

actin; basal lamina

64
Q

What is clostridium perfringens?

A

attacks zonula occludens by binding to claudin

65
Q

What is helicobacter pylori?

A

attacks zonula occludens by binding to occludens proteins

66
Q

What is the difference between the basal lamina and the basement membrane?

A

basal lamina: detected by electron microscope
basement membrane: detected by light microscopy

67
Q

When are endocrine glands formed?

A

WITHOUT contact

68
Q

When are exocrine glands formed?

A

WITH contact

69
Q

What type of gland contacts the surface?

70
Q

What are the mechanisms of exocrine gland secretion?

A
  1. merocrine: sweat; membrane bound vesicles
  2. apocrine: mammary; membrane + cytoplasm
  3. holocrine: sebaceous; entire cell breaks open
71
Q

What are the types of secretion from exocrine glands?

A
  1. mucus: viscous, slimy, water-soluble
  2. serous: non-viscous, watery solution
  3. mixed: combination of mucus + serous

Histology (7 decks)

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