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Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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2
Q

What is the most abundant type of cartilage?

A

hyaline

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3
Q

Where is hyaline found?

A

in embryo as the early skeleton, articular surfaces of joints, epiphyseal plates, respiratory system

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4
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

in auricle, epiglottis, auditory tubes

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5
Q

Does fibrocartilage contain a perichondrium?

A

NO

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6
Q

What do chondrocytes produce in hyaline cartilage?

A

type 2 collagen

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7
Q

What do chondrocytes produce in fibrocartilage?

A

type 1 collagen

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8
Q

What is the strongest type of cartilage?

A

fibrocartilage

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9
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

intervertebral discs, joints, menisci, and symphosis pubis

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10
Q

What type of collagen is important for bone development?

A

collagen type 2 produced by chondrocytes

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11
Q

The extracellular matrix includes what types of collagen in smaller quantities?

A

9,10,11

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12
Q

What is hyaline composed of?

A

chondrocytes contained within lacunae and surrounded by glassy appearing extracellular matrix

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13
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A
  • dense irregular connective tissue that contain chondroblasts
  • surrounds hyaline and elastic cartilage
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14
Q

What do chondrocytes produce in elastic cartilage?

A

elastic fibers and type 2 collagen

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15
Q

What makes up elastic cartilage?

A

chondrocytes, lacunae; possess a perichondrium

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16
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

ears, epiglodys

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17
Q

What does hyaline cartilage form?

A

the precursor skeleton for the formation of bone

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18
Q

What is considered the “ground substance” in cartilage?

A

glycosaminoglycans + glycoproteins + PG

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of growth in cartilage?

A

appositional and interstitial

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20
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

growth to the cartilage surface using chondroblasts that secerete matrix to grow cartilage

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21
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

growth via division on chondrocytes that secrete matrix

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22
Q

In what direction does cartilage grow in appositional and interstitial growth?

A
  • appositional: grows out
  • interstitial: grows up
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23
Q

What is compact bone?

A
  • diaphysis (shaft) of long bones and outer surface of flat bones
  • made of osteons
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24
Q

What is spongy bone?

A
  • interior of long bones and diploe of flat bones
  • trabeculae + NO osteons
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25
What are the functions of bone?
* structural support * anchoring of muscle * protection of underlying organs * storage site for Ca
26
What does the bone matrix contain?
* type 1 collagen * glycoaminoglycans * glycoproteins * Ca phosphate
27
What does it mean if the matrix is mineralized (calcified)?
made up of Ca phosphate (hydroxyapatite crystals)
28
What cells are contained in the lacunae in the matrix?
osteocytes
29
What is the epiphyseal line?
plate of compact bone that is formed by replacing the final hyaline cartilage during growth
30
What is an epiphyses and what does it contain?
* the end of long bones * red marrow: production of red blood cells
31
What is the medullary cavity?
site of marrow
32
What is the periosteum?
double layer of dense irregular connective tissue covering bone
33
What is contained in bone marrow?
* red: RBC * yellow: adipose cells (in adults only)
34
What is the blood supply like in bone?
highly vascularized which leads to calcification
35
What is the diaphysis?
* shaft of long bones * made up of compact bone * contains medullary cavity: site of bone marrow
36
What are the layers of the diaphysis?
1. periosteum with an outer dense connective layer and an inner cellular layer of periosteal 2. bone with outer circumferential lamellae and Haversian systems with canals/lamellae 3. inner circumferential lamellae 4. either red or yellow bone marrow
37
What is the basic unit of compact bone?
Haversian (osteon) system
38
What is the Haversian canal and what does it contain?
* canal that runs through middle of the Haversian system * contains vessels and nerve fibers * runs parallel to axis of bone
39
What are Volkmanns' (perforating) canals?
perpendicular channels that provide channels for blood vessels and nerve fibers to connect adjacent Haversian systems
40
How can you tell the difference between periosteum and endosteum?
* periosteum will be beside muscle * endosteum will be beside bone marrow
41
As the bone matures, what system becomes more organized?
Haversian System
42
What are lamellae?
rings of thin bone
43
What results in areas of partial lamelae?
as bone remodels and parts of the Haversian system is reabsorbed and replaced by new systems
44
What makes up the bulk of the mature bone?
osteons
45
What are the cells within the haversian canal?
* osteoprogenitor cells * osteoblasts * osteoclasts (if bone is remodeling)
46
How is the lamellar pattern created?
from osteocytes that are in the lacunae
47
Osteocytes posses processes contained where?
canaliculi
48
The osteocyte processes help to what?
* cells communicate * nutrients diffuse
49
What junction do the processes contain?
gap junctions
50
What are canaliculi?
small tunnels connecting lacunae to allow osteocytes to share a transport system
51
What is a mature bone cell?
osteocyte
52
What are the precursor/immature cells for osteocytes?
osteoblasts
53
What do osteoblasts secrete for the bone matrix?
collagen 1 and proteoglycans
54
What are osteocytes responsible for?
* maintaining bone matrix * limited reabsorption to maintain blood Ca
55
What is the major resorptive cell in bone?
osteoclasts
56
Osteoclasts are active in what?
bone remodeling and the uptake of Ca
57
What hormone stimulates osteoclasts?
parathyroid -> increases blood Ca
58
What inhibits osteooclasts?
Calcitonin -> decreases blood Ca
59
What is Howship's lacunae?
where osteoclasts rest and posses a ruffled border
60
What is released into the lacunae?
* lysosomes that release hydrolytic enzymes to digest the matrix * organic acids that lower pH and aids in decalcification
61
What bone remodels faster?
bones under constant stress
62
What happens in intramembranous bone formation?
1. mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts 2. osteoblasts secrete bony matrix (osteoid)-> creates bony spicules 3. bony spicules become interconnected and form trabeculae
63
What happens in endochondral bone formation?
1. hyaline cartilage is developed 2. cartilage model increases in size by appositional and interstitial growth 3. bony collar is developed around the middle of the diaphysis and osteoblasts are formed 4. chondrocytes die
64
What is the order of zones (top to bottom)?
1. zone of ossification: acidophilic because new bone is forming 2. zone of calcification: basophilic because cartilage calcified 3. zone of hypertrophy: chondrocytes grow in size 4. zone of proliferation: isogenous groups formed 5. zone of reserve: no isogenous groups
65
What causes calcification of the cartilaginous matrix?
when hypertrophic cells secrete alkaline phosphate
66
What is the internal bone?
spongy bone
67
Spongy bone is composed of what?
meshed network of trabeculae
68
Where does spongy bone line up?
along lines of stress and help provide strength
69
What does spongy bone consist of?
osteocytes connected with canalicili and surrounded by lamellae
70
When is the process of endochondral ossification?
1. blood vessels enter the perichondrium 2. membrane becomes vascularized 3. nutrients allowed to reach the mesenchymal cells surrounding hyaline cartilage which differentiate into osteoblasts 4. osteoblasts surround diaphysis which mineralizes and becomes boney collar
71
What happens when chondrocytes lack nutrition?
they die and gaps are created in the calcified cartilage
72
Osteoclasts break down what cartilage?
calcified
73
Once the cartilage is calcified, what do osteoclasts allow?
arteries, veins, lymphatics, nerve fibers, red marrow elements, and osteoblasts to form periosteal bud
74
Osteoblasts secrete what to surround the remaining hyaline cartilage?
osteoid, which leads to development of trabeculae
75
What is the last stage in endochondrial ossification?
the appearance of secondary ossification centers
76
What are the steps to fracture healing?
1. hematoma formation 2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3. boney callus forms 4. bone remodeling
77
What are the 4 cells involed in bone formation and remodeling?
* osteoblasts * osteocytes * osteoclasts * osteoprogenitor cells

Histology (7 decks)

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