Episodic Retrieval

Question 1

Recognition Memory decisions

Answer 1

• presented with word, have to remember whether it is old or new
• how do we decide?
  
  • single vs dual

Question 2

Response classification to recognition memory decision paradigm

Answer 2

• hit: old, say old
• miss: old, say new
• false alarm: new, say old
• correct rejection: new, say new

Question 3

Unitary memory signal

Answer 3

-decision based on assessment of memory strength
-signal detection
-past experience with stimulus leads to greater evidence
-set criterion for strength in order to classify as old
(the overlap is where we get FA and misses)

Question 4

Decision bias

Answer 4

• where we place our criterion determines our decision bias
• ranges from liberal to conservative
• liberal = more false alarms
• conservative = more misses

Question 5

witnesses and line up (sequential or simultaneous)

Answer 5

-in sequential, witnesses are much more conservative

Question 6

Discriminability

Answer 6

• d-prime
• how far apart the target and lure distributions are
• if they are farther apart then they have greater differences in strength and you are less likely to have FA or misses

Question 7

using bias to see how good your memory is

Answer 7

-bias is independent of how good your memory is

Question 8

Dual Processes

Answer 8

recollection and familiarity

Question 9

Recollection

Answer 9

• retrieval of event-specific information
• depends on conjunctive memory trace
• requires attention during encoding
• more controlled operation
• relatively slow

Question 10

Familiarity

Answer 10

• undifferentiated feeling of having recently encountered item
• less dependent on attention during encoding
• more automatic operation
• relatively fast
• absence of pattern completion
• doesn’t identify a particular event

Question 11

How do familiarity and recollection work together?

Answer 11

-both lead us to the same decision (that you have seen it before)

Question 12

“Becoming famous overnight”

-Jacoby, 1989

Answer 12

Study:
-read non-famous names (full or divided attention)
Test:
- fame judgment
- new famous = familiar
- new not famous = not familiar or recollected
- old not famous:
- remember study event = recollected
- if didn’t remember study event = familiar/ more likely to label as famous

Question 13

fMRI Activity during Recollection at retrieval

Answer 13

Study
Test
-old or new
- if old, do you remember study event?
- or is it just familiar?
-correct recollection: increased activity in left and right hippocampus
-no difference in hippocampal activity for familiarity vs miss

Question 14

What does fMRI data imply about single vs dual processes?

Answer 14

• if single, you would have to have more activity in the misses (increased activity of hippocampus is associated with reinstatement, which is like recollection)

Question 15

MTL activity during decision (is it old or new? )

Answer 15

• perirhinal activity predicts item remembered

- Hippocampal activity predicts item + context remembered

Question 16

Repetition suppression and item familiarity

Answer 16

• more activity for first occurrence

- suppressed response to repeated (this might become the subjective sense of familiarity)

Question 17

Role of MTL in repetition suppression

Answer 17

• perirhinal cortex: shows repetition suppression
• (about 25% of neurons)
• Hippocampus: repetition suppression (about 1% of neurons)
• stimulus-context conjunction

Question 18

Familiarity

Answer 18

shown face (is it old or new?)
Measure:
   -signal change
   -confidence of familiar vs not
-decrease in hippocampal activity when it is more familiar

Question 19

Functional distinction of Perirhinal cortex

Answer 19

• items
• what
• item memories:
  
  • familiarity and item recognition

Question 20

functional distinction of parahippocampal cortex

Answer 20

• context
• where
• item memories:
  
  • familiarity, item recognition

Question 21

functional distinction of hippocampus

Answer 21

• binding items and contexts
• conjunctive memories:
  
  • recollection
  • cortical reinstatement