Episodic Encoding

Question 1

declarative memory

Answer 1

• you have access to it

- you can declare it explicitly

Question 2

episodic memory

Answer 2

-conscious memory for a specific event (what) that occurred in a specific time (When) and place (where)

Question 3

semantic memory

Answer 3

• general knowledge about the world

- not tied to a specific learning event

Question 4

stages of episodic memory

Answer 4

• encoding
• consolidation
• retrieval

Question 5

encoding

Answer 5

• forming a memory representation

- track the co-occurrance of a set of features

Question 6

consolidation

Answer 6

-transforms the memory representation

Question 7

retrieval

Answer 7

-bringing the representation back to mind

Question 8

recall

Answer 8

• information you want isn’t in retrieval cue

- use the cue to reactivate representation

Question 9

free recall

Answer 9

“write down all the words you can remember from the list”

Question 10

cued recall

Answer 10

“fill in the missing pair from the word list”

Question 11

recognition

Answer 11

-information is present

Question 12

item recognition

Answer 12

“is the word presented a new word or was it previously presented”

Question 13

associative recognition

Answer 13

“is the pair presented the same as before, or is one of the words the same, or are they both new words?”

Question 14

role of attention in episodic encoding

Answer 14

• critical for perceiving the world (sensory memory), creating/holding representation (WM)
• critical for encoding
• focalization, concentration, goal-directed

Question 15

study of full attention vs divided attention

Answer 15

• intentional learning vs. world learning + additional monitoring
• divided performed worse when the stimulus were presented faster

Question 16

dual attention theory

Answer 16

• top down (endogenous)

- bottom up (exogenous)

Question 17

top down attention

Answer 17

• goal-directed

- internally driven shift in attention

Question 18

bottom up attention

Answer 18

-reflexive shift of attention triggered by salient or unexpected stimuli

Question 19

Posner task

Answer 19

• press button when square present
• focus visual attention to an area by using an arrow cue which is usually correct but can also be wrong or neutral
• measure reaction time
• detection is fastest for valid, then neutral, then invalid

Question 20

Which attentional type does an invalid cue on the posner task capture?

Answer 20

bottom-up

Question 21

which attentional type does a valid cue on the Posner task capture?

Answer 21

top-down

Question 22

What is the function/ benefit of bottom-up attention?

Answer 22

• allow us to reorient, attend to salient stimulus

- quickly shift attention to something that might be important

Question 23

Brain imaging data for dual attention theory

Answer 23

• study compared activity for cued (valid/invalid) stimulus in the Posner task
• Dorsal network:
  
  • goal directed
  • top-down
  • compared cued to neutral
• Ventral attention network:
  
  • stimulus driven
  • bottom up
  • compared invalid to valid

Question 24

fMRI correlates of Episodic Encoding paradigm

Answer 24

• present items
• look at brain activity during presentation
• later test (did they remember or forget?)
• look at activity from presentation
• Positive subsequent memory effect or negative subsequent memory effect

Question 25

Positive subsequent memory effect

Answer 25

• more activity = more remembering

Question 26

negative subsequent memory effect

Answer 26

• more activity = less remembering

Question 27

fMRI findings about activity and episodic encoding

Answer 27

• Superior Parietal Lobe
  
  • positive subsequent memory effect
• Inferior Parietal Lobe
  
  • negative subsequent memory effect
  • stimulus driven attention can hinder encoding (if you are trying to encode something intentionally), but if you test for irrelevant stimulus, it will be helpful

Question 28

Distinctiveness, attention, and Memory

Answer 28

• memory can be better for unexpected stimulus

- Isolation effect

Question 29

Isolation effect

Answer 29

items or events that are distinctive are better remembered than typical items/ event s