Episodic Memory: Levels of Processing

Question 1

Depth of processing

Answer 1

• events at stimuli can be processed at different levels of “depth”
• note, that depth doesn’t depend on the duration of the presentation of stimuli or the duration of the representation

Question 2

Shallow processing to deep processing

Answer 2

• shallow processing (sensory)
• Perceptual
• phonological
• semantic
• deep processing (conceptual)

Question 3

how does encoding relate to processing?

Answer 3

• encoding= incidental byproduct of active stimulus processing
• deeper processing = more effective encoding

Question 4

How does the depth of processing model relate to the modal model?

Answer 4

-it challenges the Modal Model because more effective encoding is mediated by deeper processing, not by the time the representations are in working memory

Question 5

Hyde and Jenkins (1968) study on depth of processing

Answer 5

• remember 24 words
• conditions:
  
  • intentionally learn
  • judge pleasantness (Deep)
  • judge is there an “e” (shallow)
  • judge number of letters
• free recall test (shallow)
• deep encoding led to better memory
• intentional encoding was not better than incidental deep encoding

Question 6

Takeaway from Hyde and Jenkins

Answer 6

• the critical factor is the type of processes engages (type of features attended) during encoding irrespective of why
• engaging in the world, thinking about meaning is as good as intentional learning

Question 7

Difficulties for depth of processing

Answer 7

-circular logic: we can only measure “depth” by how well someone remembers it

Question 8

Transfer Appropriate processing

Answer 8

• deep encoding isn’t always better because efficacy of encoding depends on info needed during test
• past processing influences subsequent memory to the extent that the processes engaged at retrieval are similar to those engaged at encoding
• BASICALLY: memory is best when encoding processing matches the test process

Question 9

Morris, 1977 transfer appropriate processing

Answer 9

• ask if a word fits meaning or if a word rhymes
• test: recognition or phonological rhyme
• if they studied meaning but were tested on rhyme, did poorly
• rhyme study performed about the same on both tests (lower than meaning study for recognition)
• deep and shallow encoding lay down different types of information

Question 10

Implications form Depth of processing

Answer 10

• levels of processing differ:
  
  • features encoded
  • degree of relatedness to prior knowledge
• semantic processing more distinctive, less interference
• semantic processing links new information to existing knowledge