Cue Dependent Nature of Retrieval

Question 1

Memory is cue _____

Answer 1

dependent

-greater cue recall results in better remembering

Question 2

Testing recall versus recognition (what is the role of cues?)

Answer 2

• have people recall or recognize names of high school classmates
• memory better for recognition
• 50 years after, 50% decline in recall, but only 10% decline in recognition

Question 3

Cue dependent memory: how does the test/study condition affect memory

Answer 3

-memory is better when tested in a similar condition to learning

Question 4

context dependent memory

Answer 4

• divers study underwater or on land
• tested underwater or on land
• did best when study and test contexts were the same
• external context associated with learned item, context cues useful for retrieval
• more contexts = more cues

Question 5

state dependent memory

Answer 5

• study while sober or intoxicated

- studying while sober and testing while intoxicated is worse than studying and testing intoxicated

Question 6

Mood-congruent memory

Answer 6

• learn positive, negative or neutral words
• induced into elated or depressed state
• recall
• remembered positive words more when elated
• remembered negative words more when depressed

Question 7

Principals governing retrieval

Answer 7

• understanding cue-dependent retrieval depends on cue-target associations
• as context/mood/state changes the cues available change and affect probability of recall

Question 8

Free recall equation

Answer 8

= (Strength of association between item and context) / (sum of association between all items and contexts)

Question 9

Cued recall equation

Answer 9

= [(association of item and context) (association of item+cue)] /[(sum of association of item + context)(sum of association between cue and context)]

cued recall is multiplicative so you are more likely to remember