Epigenetics Flashcards
what is epigenetics?
the study of how cells control gene activity without changing the DNA sequence. Epigenetic changes are modifications to DNA that regulate whether genes are turned on or off. “
what is the epigenome?
Within the complete set of DNA in a cell (genome), all of the modifications that regulate the activity (expression) of the genes is known as the epigenome
what can impact the epigenome?
“Environmental influences, such as a person’s diet, environment and exposure to pollutants, can impact the epigenome. Epigenetic modifications can be maintained from cell to cell as cells divide and, in some cases, can be inherited through the generations.”
what are the factors in our environment can change our epigenome?
- Medication
- Pollution
- Exercise
- Smoking
- Infection
- Alcohol
- Diet/nutrition
- Toxins
- Family history
what is imprinting?
“Although uncommon, some epigenetic markers can be passed on from parent to offspring through a process called imprinting. Imprinting can lead to the silencing of either the maternal or paternal copy of a gene, which can lead to complications if the other copy of the gene is either missing or not functioning correctly.
how is the epigenome related to pregnancy?
Epigenomics is also a factor during pregnancy. The epigenome of a developing baby can be influenced by the expectant parent’s lifestyle while still in the womb, although exactly how this happens is still being researched.”
How can the epigenetic effect modulate breastmilk?
The epigenetic effect has been quoted to modulate the individual adaptation to the environment and to influence the lifelong health by modifying inflammatory molecular pathways and the immune response.
What is DNA methylation?
DNA methylation alters expression of a gene during cell differentiation and causes a change that is heritable.
When is epigenetic DNA imprinting activity considered to be the most active for an infant?
The first two years of life is the time period when epigenetic DNA imprinting activity is considered to be the most active.
Early nutrition epigenetic effect has been reported to potentially influence the likelihood of developing what conditions?
Possibly influence the individual’s susceptibility to the later development of cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, and other chronic conditions.
What can oligosaccharides prevent later in life?
Play a leading role in programming the infant’s immune phenotype and as a result preventing diseases in early and later life.
What have studies shown about docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and why is it important for infants ?
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is associated with better cognitive development of infants and children. DHA is an important component of the retinal photoreceptors and of the brain cell membranes. It is a significant factor for the visual and cognitive development of the infants.
Why are ‘fats’ an important component of breastmilk?
Fat has been proven to be a critical component of breast milk by providing energy and important nutrients that are fundamental to the development of the infants’ central nervous system.
What did the meta-analysis study report about DHA?
The highest DHA concentrations were primarily in coastal populations and were associated with high marine food consumption.
What did the study show about mothers consuming a Mediterranean Diet?
Greek women while in pregnancy or lactation choose a diet with more natural and organic products, such as wild greens and herbs, open sea fish, and free-range chickens, all of which contribute to an increased fatty acid intake.
