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A1 > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Incidence can be measured in a (___); prevalence can be measured in a (___) study.

A

Incidence can be measured in a cohort study; prevalence can be measured in a cross-sectional study.

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2
Q

As the mortality of a disease ↓, the prevalence of that disease (__)

A

Increases

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3
Q

The higher the disease prevalence, the (___) the PPV of the test for that disease.

A

The higher the disease prevalence, the higher the PPV of the test for that disease.

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4
Q

The lower the disease prevalence, the (___) the NPV of the test for that disease.

A

The lower the disease prevalence, the higher the NPV of the test for that disease.

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5
Q

What, generally, is the meaning of a likelihood ratio? What does a positive and negative LR mean?

A

LRs express the extent to which a given test result is likely in diseased people as opposed to people without disease:

■ ⊕ LR shows how much the odds (or probability) of disease are ↑ if the test result is ⊕.
■ ⊝ LR shows how much the odds (or probability) of disease are ↓ if the test result is ⊝.

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6
Q

What is the absolute risk of a disease?

A

the incidence of the disease

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7
Q

What is the attributable risk of a disease?

A

The difference in risk between the exposed and unexposed groups

(Attributable risk = incidence of disease in exposed − incidence in unexposed)

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8
Q

What is the equation for the number needed to treat?

A

Number need to treat (NNT) = 1/ attributable risk

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9
Q

What, generally, is relative risk? What is the equation for it?

A

Expresses how much more likely an exposed person is to get the disease in comparison to an unexposed person. This indicates the relative strength of the association between exposure and disease, making it useful when one is considering disease etiology.

Relative risk = (incidence in exposed) / (incidence in unexposed)

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10
Q

What is the equation for odds ratio?

A

Odds that a diseased person is exposed
/
Odds that a non diseased person is exposed

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11
Q

What type of studies is odds ratio used in?

A

Case-control studies

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12
Q

The (___) the disease incidence, the more closely it approximates RR.

A

The lower the disease incidence, the more closely it approximates RR.

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13
Q

What is a Kaplan-Meier curve?

A

Curve that describes the survival in a cohort of patients, with the probability of survival decreasing over time as patients die or drop out from the study.

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14
Q

What is the major statt that is derived from cross-sectional studies?

A

Prevalence

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15
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

an observational study that assesses risk factors and outcomes at a single point in time. These studies aren’t able to prove temporal relationships, because they measure correlation, not causation.

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16
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

Following a group of exposed individuals, and assessing if they develop disease. Compared to a control group

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17
Q

What are case-control studies?

A

a series of cases are identified and a set of controls are sampled from the underlying population to estimate the frequency of exposure in the population at risk of the outcome. In such studies, a researcher compares the frequency of exposure to a possible risk factor between the case and control groups.

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18
Q

What is the difference between cohort, and case-control studies?

A

In cohort studies, the researcher determines whether the participants are exposed or unexposed and follows them over time for disease development.

In case-control studies, the researcher determines whether the participants have the disease or not and determines if they were exposed or unexposed.

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19
Q

What does the term “matching” refer to in case-control studies?

A

When controls are chosen to match a characteristic of a case

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20
Q

What is effect modification?

A

when a third variable disproportionately affects two groups. Effect modification shows a meaningful difference, whereas confounding does not.

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21
Q

What is length bias?

A

Occurs when screening tests detect a disproportionate number of slowly progressive diseases but miss rapidly progressive ones, leading to overestimation of the benefit of the screen. Example: A better prognosis for patients with cancer is celebrated following the implementation of a new screening program. However, this test disproportionately detects slow growing tumors, which generally tend to be less aggressive.

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22
Q

What is the equation for the power of a study?

A

Power = 1 – type II error (β)

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23
Q

Wider or narrower CI are most powerful?

A

Narrower

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24
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Things to do to prevent increased incidence of disease

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25
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Screening for a disease to treat it before it gets worse

26
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

measures the decreases Morbidity and mortality

27
Q

What type of vaccine: MMR

A

Live

28
Q

What type of vaccine: sabin polio

A

Live

29
Q

What type of vaccine: yellow fever

A

Liver

30
Q

What type of vaccine: nasal spray flu

A

Live

31
Q

What type of vaccine: cholera

A

inactivated

32
Q

What type of vaccine: HAV

A

Inactivated

33
Q

What type of vaccine: Salk polio

A

Inactivated

34
Q

What type of vaccine: Rabies

A

Inactivate

35
Q

What type of vaccine: Injectable flu

A

Inactivated

36
Q

What type of vaccine: Diptheria

A

Toxoid

37
Q

What type of vaccine: tetanus

A

Toxoid

38
Q

What type of vaccine: HBV

A

Subunit

39
Q

What type of vaccine: Pertussis

A

Subunit

40
Q

What type of vaccine: Strep pneumo

A

Subunit

41
Q

What type of vaccine: HPV

A

Subunit

42
Q

What type of vaccine: Meningococcus

A

Subunit

43
Q

What type of vaccine: HiB

A

Conjugate

44
Q

What type of vaccine: S. pneumoniae

A

Conjugate

45
Q

What are the five stages of change?

A 
Precontemplative
Contemplative
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
46
Q

When does screening start, and how often: BP

A

19 years every 2 years

47
Q

When does screening start, and how often: cholesterol screening for high risk pts

A

20 every

48
Q

When does screening start, and how often: Pap

A

21 y.o every three years until 30, then every 5.

Continues until 65

49
Q

When does screening start, and how often: chlamydia test

A

Yearly, 19 until age 24

50
Q

When does screening start, and how often: Pelvic exams

A

40+ yearly

51
Q

When is BG screening for DM indicated in all age groups?

A

If HTN present

52
Q

When does screening start, and how often: Mammograms?

A

50, every 1-2 years

53
Q

When does screening start, and how often: bone mineral density

A

65, once

54
Q

When does screening start, and how often: FOBT

A

every year at 50

55
Q

When does screening start, and how often: flexible sigmoidoscopy

A

Every 5 years starting at 50

56
Q

When does screening start, and how often: cholesterol screening in lower risk

A

35 in men

45 in women

57
Q

When does screening start, and how often: DRE

A

40-65

58
Q

When does colon cancer screening stop?

A

75+

59
Q

What are the top three causes of death in adults?

A
  1. Heart disease
  2. Cancer
  3. Unintentional injuries
60
Q

true or false: tick borne diseases are reportable diseases

A

True

A1 (32 decks)

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