Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Z YEAR 2 LMAP > Epidemiology 1 > Flashcards

Epidemiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of prevention?

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

The prevention of disease through the control of exposure to risk factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an example of primary prevention?

A

Reducing salt in your diet reduces the. risk of developing hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

The application of available measures to detect early departures from health and to introduce appropriate treatment and interventions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an example of secondary prevention?

A

Controlling hypertension with antihypertensive drugs to progression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

The application of measures to reduce or eliminate long-term impairments and disabilities, minimising suffering caused by existing departures from good health and to promote the patient’s adjustments to their condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an example of tertiary prevention?

A

Rehabilitation for someone who’s had stroke so that they can return as close as possible to their pre-morbid activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are different types of exposure?

A

e.g. drug, behaviour (dietary sodium intake) or demographic characterise (ethnicity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the exposure and outcome?

A

Exposure: independent variable
Outcome: dependent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the levels of evidence in research?

A
  1. Systematic reviews and meta analysis
  2. Randomised controlled trials
  3. Cohort studies
  4. Case-control studies
  5. Case series, case reports
  6. Editorials, expert opinion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does qualitative research explore?

A

underlying ideas and themes to inform research questions and possible future hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does qualitative research express?

A

Its findings and outputs of qualitative research in words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does qualitative research rely on?

A

Smaller numbers of participants but goes in substantial detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When is qualitative research used for?

A

used earlier in research process - gives you a place to start

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What numbers and measures are used?

A
  1. Measures of frequency and associations

2. Comparisons and adjusting for differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where do these measures come from?

A
  1. Descriptive epidemiology
  2. Observational and interventional study design
  3. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do we interpret epidemiological findings?

A
  1. Association, causation, validity and bias

2. Confounding and effect modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the DALY?

A

measure of disease burden that combines years of life lost from ill-health, disability or premature death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some measures of frequency?

A
  1. Odds
  2. Prevalence
  3. Cumulative incidence
  4. Incidence rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you calculate odds?

A

number of people with the disease / number of people who don’t have the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the definition of odds?

A

The ratio of the probability (P) of an event to the probability of its complement (1-P)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is prevalence?

A

the proportion of individuals in a population who have the disease or attribute of interest at a specific timepoint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do you calculate prevalence?

A

number of people with the disease / total number of individuals in the population

24
Q

What does prevalence not show?

A

no information on new cases of a disease

25
Q

When is prevalence unhelpful?

A
  • in short duration disease

- for causal inference

26
Q

What is cumulative incidence?

A

proportion of the population with a new event during a given time period

27
Q

How do you calculate cumulative incidence?

A

number of new cases during the period of interest / number of disease free individuals at the start of this time period

28
Q

Are there units for cumulative incidence?

A

No units - 0-1

29
Q

What does a cumulative incidence of 0 mean?

A

(0%) means there were no new cases during the study period

30
Q

What does a cumulative incidence of 1 mean?

A

(100%) means that all individuals developed the disease during the time period

31
Q

What do you have to be explicit with in cumulative incidence?

A

Timing

32
Q

When is cumulative incidence not well defined?

A
  • Need follow up period must be the same participants
  • but not always possible lost participants, or someone get killed by car accident in follow up period despite about cancer diagnosis as no longer at risk of cancer diagnosis
33
Q

What is person time?

A

measure the time participants spend in the study (at risk of developing disease) (sum up time observed for every person during study period) - until develop disease/die or lost to follow up

34
Q

What is incidence rate?

A

the number of new case per unit of person time

35
Q

How do you calculate incidence rate?

A

number of new cases during follow up period / total person-time by disease free individuals

36
Q

What values can incidence rate take?

A

Take values of 0 to infinity

37
Q

What are the units of incidence rate?

A

person time

38
Q

What does incidence rate account for?

A
  • time of follow ups and time for new event occurred

- Deal with lost follow up or enter and leave the study at different times and competing risks

39
Q

When is incidence rate used?

A

When cumulative incidence cannot be properly defined

40
Q

What does standardisation allow?

A

Want to understand whether the difference in incidence might be down to their different demography: sex and age

41
Q

What does direct standardisation give?

A

gives comparable incidence - e.g. 120 strokes per 100K/year

42
Q

What does indirect standardisation give?

A

Gives ratio out of 100 (sometimes 1.0)

43
Q

When should you used indirect standardisation?

A
  • When don’t know age specific data

- Only have high-level data about outcomes but can’t make direct comparison

44
Q

How do you calculate the standardised mortality ratio (SMR)?

A

diving observed count by expected count

45
Q

What would SMR of 1.65 mean?

A

65% more deaths than expected

46
Q

What is SHMI data used?

A

For hospital performance identifying hospitals that report higher than expected mortality

47
Q

What does standardisation not account for?

A

Change and confined intervals

48
Q

How does the SHMI work?

A
  1. uses the process of indirect standardisation to produce ‘expected’ number of deaths by a series of adjustments taking into account the volume of cases, blend of diagnoses and casemix adjustments for underling demography and health status variation of patients
  2. A range of adjustments for casemix are undertaken and used to calculate an SHMI value (ranging from 0.6 to 1.2)
49
Q

What is prevalence and incidence?

A
  1. Prevalence: all cases / total population

2. Incidence: new cases / population that can get disease

50
Q

What does prevalence take into account?

A

incidence, recovery rate and death rate (no longer cases)

51
Q

Why do you use person time?

A
  • Incidence rate cannot be done at a specific moment

- Hard to follow up over study period

52
Q

What happens in calculating cumulative incidence in Individuals who already had disease when period of interest started?

A

not be included in denominator or numerator

53
Q

What are two different names for cumulative incidence?

A
  • Incidence proportion

- Risk

54
Q

What do you need for cumulative incidence?

A

Follow up

55
Q

When can rates be used?

A

Can only be expressed as new cases per unit of person time

56
Q

What does prevalence account for?

A

reflects both duration and occurrence

57
Q

What can odds and prevalence be used for?

A
  1. Assess health of population
  2. To plan health services and allocate healthcare resources
  3. To monitor trends of diseases over time

Z YEAR 2 LMAP (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions