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Z YEAR 2 LMAP > Adolescent, maternal and women's health 2 > Flashcards

Adolescent, maternal and women's health 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is involved in the gut-brain axis?

A

-gut microbiome is integral to the communication in the gut-brain axis
1. a two-way communication system
2. involves communication
via the enteral nervous system, central nervous system (via the vagus nerve) and via
cytokines in the blood stream

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2
Q

What does the gut activation of neural afferent circuits of the brain activate?

A

-of mucosal immune response
and produce metabolites that can travel via the blood stream to the brain
-all of these are
influenced by the health and activity of the microbiome.

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3
Q

How is the microbiome involved in metbaolism tryotphan?

A
  1. tryotphan which is involved in the production of the neurotransmitter serotonin
  2. gut motility can be impacted by serotonin, though serotonin also plays a significant role in mood regulation
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4
Q

What factors affect the health of the microbiota?

A
  1. Diet
  2. Pharmaceuticals
  3. Stress (exercise, metabolic, psychological)
  4. Infant feeding method
  5. Birthing process
  6. Lifecycle stages
  7. Geography
  8. Physical activity
  9. Illness and disease
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5
Q

What is gender and what is sex?

A
  • sex as being biological: determined by anatomy, chromosomes and hormones – it’s generally male or female, and it’s assigned at birth
  • gender is a social construct relating to behaviours
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6
Q

Why is physical activity important for pregnant women?

A
  1. Helps to control weight gain
  2. Improves fitness
  3. Helps reduce High BP problems
  4. Improves sleep
  5. Helps to prevent diabetes of pregnancy
  6. Improves moods
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7
Q

How many mins of moderate intensity every week?

A
  • 150
  • No evidence of harm
  • Don’t bump the bump
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8
Q

Is life expectancy higher for me or women in the UK?

A

women

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9
Q

What happens if are women living longer?

A

more likely to:

  1. Move into residential care
  2. Provide informal, unpaid care for relatives and children
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10
Q

What can obesity cause?

A

Lots of cancers

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11
Q

What is fat tissue?

A
  1. Inflammatory
  2. Produces sex hormones (oestrogen)
  3. Produces growth hormones (e.g. insulin, growth factor)
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12
Q

How is obesity related to cancer in women?

A
  • Promote rapid cell division and increase risk of cancer
  • Breast and endometrial cancer and two most likely linked to obesity as a risk factor
  • Obesity is more common in women
  • Overweight (but not obese) 30% women 41% men
  • Obese (including morbidly obese) 29% 26% men
  • Despite fact men are more likely to be overweight
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13
Q

Are men or women more at risk of dementia?

A

women even after accounting for increased life expectancy

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14
Q

Why are women at a greater risk of dementia?

A
  1. Oestrogen protective to brain cells
  2. Oestrogen reduces in women post-menopause
  3. Risk of dementia and breast cancer can be decreased by physical activity
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15
Q

Are men or women more physically active?

A

across every single age group, females are less physically active than males

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16
Q

What are the barriers to females being physically active?

A
  1. Fear of judgement
  2. Lacking confidence
  3. Lacking time
17
Q

What disease are women at an increase risk of misdiagnosis?

A
  1. Women are at a higher risk of misdiagnosis following MI

2. Women face a 70% increased risk of death after 30 days

18
Q

When were women put back into clinical trials?

A

1993 now became law to include women and other minority groups

19
Q

How common is the gender pay gap?

A

-The gender pay gap among employees was s15.5% in 2020, down from 17.4% in 2019

20
Q

How are women affected financially?

A
  • Women are overrepresented in lower paid, lower skilled jobs
  • Women more likely to suffer financial insecurity
  • Jobs done by women are undervalued
  • Women pay a ‘motherhood penalty’
21
Q

During the pandemic what were mothers more likely to than a father experience?

A
  1. Quit their job
  2. Lost their job
  3. Been furloughed
  4. Contribute to childcare
  5. Contribute to household responsibilities
22
Q

What are women more likely to experience?

A
  1. Sexual abuse
  2. Physical abuse
  3. Neglect
  4. Domestic abuse
23
Q

How many women experience domestic abuse?

A

1 in 4 women experience domestic abuse or violence at some point in their life (important cause of premature death)

24
Q

What is the negative effect of domestic abuse?

A

Negative Effect:

  • physical and mental health
  • reproductive health
  • Sexual health
  • Not all women have the same access to safety, freedom or resources or ability to leave
25
Q

Where is the hormone oxytocin produce and released from?

A
  • hypothalamus

- posterior pituitary

26
Q

What is oxytocin released in response to?

A
  1. Social connection
  2. Sex
  3. Labour and child birth
27
Q

What does the release of oxytocin promote?

A
  • social bonding
  • prosocial behaviour
  • empathy
  • elevated mood
  • stress reduction
  • All important for survival from an evolutionary perspective.
28
Q

What have people with good quality social connections been proven to?

A
  • Live longer and have healthier lifestyle behaviours
  • Suffer less from mental health issues and have better recoveries from mental and physical stressors
  • Have better cardiovascular health and a stronger immune system
  • Experience a lower severity of perceived physical pain
29
Q

How do men and women experience relationships differently?

A
  1. . Women are more likely to have broader and more intimate friendships than men 2. more likely to discuss personal matters and feel more supported during times of stress
  2. Negative aspects of close relationships are more likely to affect women and people with a lower socioeconomic status
  3. Women report higher psychological distress and negative interactions, despite having broader and more intimate relationships
30
Q

How does domestic abuse during pregnancy affect the preganancy? ?

A
  • causes long term psychological problems such as stress and anxiety in the mother, which can adversely impact the baby’s development
  • Increase risk of:
    1. Miscarriage
    2. Infection
    3. Premature birth
    4. Injury or death of the baby following birth

Z YEAR 2 LMAP (11 decks)

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