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IB Sports Science CK > EOYE > Flashcards

EOYE Flashcards

1
Q

Axial skeleton → 80 bones

A

Bones along vertical axis, skull, vertebrae, ribcage

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2
Q

Appendicular Skeleton → 126 bones

A

Shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

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3
Q

Function of skeleton BPASS

A

Blood cell production :
RBC’s + WBC’s

Protection of vital organs :
Internal organs
Skull protects brain
Ribs + sternum protect heart

Attachment point for muscles :
Bones connected by ligaments

Storage :
Holds vitamins and minerals

Support :
Skeleton is structural framework for body

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4
Q

Anatomical Terminology of Locations of bones

A

Superior = towards head
Inferior = further from head
Anterior = closer to front of body
Posterior = closer to the back of the body
Medial = toward middle
Lateral = toward the side
Proximal = superior for appendicular limbs
Distal = inferior for appendicular limbs

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5
Q

Long Bone Structure

A
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6
Q

Define Joints

A

When two or more bones come into contact or articulate with each other

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7
Q

Parts of joints

A

Tendons:
Strips attaching the muscles to bone
Ligaments:
Bands connecting bones to bones at joints
Cartilage:
Soft cushioning that covers ends of bone (shock absorber)

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8
Q

Types of Joints

A
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9
Q

Synovial Joints

A
  1. Ball and socket

Example: hip & shoulder

  1. Pivot

Example: the atlas, and axis at the top of the cervical vertebrae.

  1. Saddle Joints.

Example: The thumb is the only one in the entire body.

  1. Hinge Joints

Example: Elbow and knee

  1. Condyloid Joints

Examples: between the metacarpals and phalanges in the hand.

  1. Gliding Joints

Examples: between the carpals in the hand and tarsals in the ankle.

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10
Q

Types of Muscles:

A
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11
Q

Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

A

Contractibility
Ability to shorten

Excitability
Ability to receive and respond to stimuli

Extensibility
Ability to be stretched beyond normal length

Elasticity
Ability of a muscle fiber to recoil and resume resting length

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12
Q

Structure of skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium- Perimysium - Endomysium - Myofibril

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13
Q

Types of Muscle Contractions

A

Isometric Contraction: Tension but no movement
NO change in length
No external movement
Static contraction
Increases blood pressure

Isotonic Contraction: Tension with movement
Concentric
Shortened → results in movement
Force greater than resistance
Eccentric
Muscle contractility BUT lengthening of muscle
Actin + Myosin are broken mechanically and it creates stronger bonds

Isokinetic Contraction: Tension at a constant speed
Rare in sporting
Special equipment

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14
Q

Antagonist Pairs:

A

Muscles working in pairs
The main muscle contracting is called agonist the opposite is called antagonist

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15
Q

What happens to muscles with use and no use:

A

Muscle Atrophy:
“Use it or lose it”
Decrease in mass of muscle tissue

Hypertrophy:
Increase in size of skeletal muscle
Controlled by nerve stimuli and fed by capillaries

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16
Q

Origin and Insertion of Muscles

A

Origin
Where the tendon of a muscle joins the stationary bone (usually proximal)

Insertion
Where the tendon of the muscle joins the moving bone (more distal)

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17
Q

Elbow Muscle movement

A

Flexion of the Elbow:
Agonist: Biceps brachii
Antagonist: Triceps brachii
Example: Lifting a dumbbell towards the shoulder.

Extension of the Elbow:
Agonist: Triceps brachii
Antagonist: Biceps brachii
Example: Lowering a dumbbell back to the starting position.

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18
Q

Primary Glands in Endocrine system

A
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19
Q

Hypothalamus + Pituitary Gland Relationship

A

Responsible for homeostasis

The pituitary gland secretes hormones, such as Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and growth hormone (GH), that help regulate a wide range of bodily functions including growth, and water and temperature regulation.

Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland

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20
Q

Circulating and Local Hormones:

A

Hormones are secreted by glands for bodily functions
Circulating hormones travel around the body through the blood (e.g testosterone)
Local hormones act on neighboring cells (e.g serotonin)
Circulating hormones regulate by complex feedback loops signaled by nervous system

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21
Q

Give an example of a negative feedback loop and contrast it to a positive feedback loop in the endocrine system. (4)

A

A negative feedback loop: blood glucose regulation to keep the body stable.
- When blood glucose rises after eating, the pancreas releases insulin, which lowers glucose levels. When glucose is low, the pancreas releases glucagon, which raises glucose levels.

A positive feedback loop: like during childbirth,
- Pressure on the cervix causes the release of oxytocin, leading to stronger contractions and more pressure, continuing until the baby is born.

Negative feedback maintains balance in the body, while positive feedback drives processes to completion.

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22
Q

Nervous systems … PNS, CNS etc

A

The Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Nerves extending from the spinal cord to the body

Autonomic Nervous System: Controls involuntary functions.

Sympathetic (SNS): ‘Fight or flight,’ increases heart rate, dilates pupils, inhibits digestion, uses norepinephrine.

Parasympathetic (PNS): ‘Rest and digest,’ decreases heart rate, constricts pupils, stimulates digestion, uses acetylcholine.

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23
Q

Two neurotransmitters involved in action potential synaptic cleft :

A

Acetylcholine and Acetylcholinesterase

24
Q

Motor Unit:

A
25
Q

Skeletal Muscle FIber Types:

A
26
Q

Sliding Filament Theory:

A

Thin actin + thick actin overlap but don’t connect

When your brain sends a signal to your muscles to contract

Myosin filaments grab onto actin filaments and create “bridges”

When myosin filaments pull actin filaments they slide past each other which makes the muscle shorter this causes the muscle to contract

When the brain signals the muscle to relax myosin lets go of the filament and the muscle returns to its longer state.

27
Q

Study Design Principles:

A

Specificity:
Must test fitness for sport (endurance → cross country)

Accuracy:
How close a measurement is to its true value
Accuracy of measuring equipment

Reliability:
Same results if repeated
2 Types:
- Inter-Researcher Reliability
Same results
- Test Retest Reliability
Same test on different occasions getting same/similar results

Validity:
Does the test do what it says it does

28
Q

Importance of Study Design:

Importance of PARQ:

A

Without a good study design the experiment cant be repeated

Before asking someone to take part make sure to not put health at risk

29
Q

Study Design Tests:

A

Control Group: Baseline group not receiving treatment.

Randomization: Random assignment of participants to groups to reduce bias.

Laboratory Test: Accurate, controlled environment test with less real-world applicability.

Field Test: Practical environment test with higher real-world applicability.

Maximal Test: Maximum effort test, very intense and potentially risky.

Sub-Maximal Test: Safer, estimates maximum capacity without extreme effort.

30
Q

Adaptations of training:

A

Aerobic Training (Running):
- Increased lung capacity, improved gas exchange.
- Increased stroke volume, lower resting heart rate, increased cardiac output.
- Increased mitochondria, capillary density, myoglobin content.

Anaerobic Training (Sprinting, Weightlifting):
- Hypertrophy, increased strength, improved power, increased glycolytic capacity.
- Improved motor unit recruitment, enhanced neuromuscular coordination.

Flexibility Training (Yoga, Stretching):
- Muscles and Connective Tissues: Increased range of motion, improved elasticity, reduced risk of injury.

31
Q

Health-Related Fitness Components:

A

Body composition → BMI

Cardio - respiratory (aerobic capacity) → cooper 12 min

Flexibility
Ability to move through a full range of movement around a joint

Muscular Endurance → maximum situps

Strength → hand grip dynamometer

32
Q

Performance - Related Fitness Components:

A

Agility

Balance

Coordination

Power

Reaction time

Speed

33
Q

Brain Structures:

A

Diencephalon
Thalamus:
- Sends/receives messages between brain and body.
- Perception of sensations (pain, temperature, pressure)
- Cognition

Hypothalamus:
- Controls ANS, heart rate, blood pressure.
- Regulates pituitary gland, body temperature, appetite, thirst.
- Maintains fluid/electrolyte balance, circadian rhythms.

Cerebrum (Left and Right Hemispheres)
Processes:
Sensory: Receives sensory impulses.
Association: Interprets and stores input, initiates response.
Motor: Transmits impulses to effectors.

Cerebellum
- Smooths and coordinates skeletal muscle contractions.
- Regulates posture and balance.
- Enables skilled motor activities (e.g., catching a ball, dancing).

Brainstem
- Controls respiratory and cardiovascular functions.

34
Q

Brain lobes

A
35
Q

Blood Supply to the brain:

A

Left and Right vertebral arteries: posterior supply primarily to the brain stem and back - portions of the brain

Left and Right carotid arteries: anterior supply
2 carotid arteries:
- External (supply blood to face and scalp) and
- Internal (supply blood to most of the cerebrum).

36
Q

Frontal lobe function

A

Motor areas
Personality/Emotions
Attention/Concentration
Reasoning / Planning
Motivation
Judgement
Body movement
Problem solving
Speech (speak & write)

37
Q

Parietal lobe function

A

Parietal Lobe:
Sensory and motor areas linked to movement, body awareness, orientation and navigation
Sense of touch, pain and temperature
Distinguishing size, shape and color
Spatial perception
Visual perception

38
Q

Occipital lobe function

A

Vision

39
Q

Temporal Lobe Function

A

Auditory sensory (hearing) and association area
Many aspects of long-term and visual memory
Speech (understanding language)
Sequencing and organization

40
Q

Limbic Lobe function:

A

Association processes, such as emotions, behavior, motivation and long-term memory
“Emotional brain”, related to survival (fear, anger, sexual behaviour…)

41
Q

Skin Structures:

A
42
Q

Skin functions:

A

Regulation of Body Temperature:
Homeostasis

Peripheral Vasoconstriction:
Constriction of the blood vessels near to the skin and skeletal muscles →more blood near to core → temperature elevated

Goosebumps:
Skin raises body temperature by the contraction of the arrector pili muscles which cause hair to stand and capture a layer of heat.

Peripheral Vasodilation:
The smooth muscle lining in the dermis relaxes allowing more blood to enter the skin which transports heat from the core to the skin to radiate out of the body and into the external environment

Sweating:
Heat from the body is passed outside of the body as sweat which is then evaporated into the external environment

Excretion:
In addition to sweat glands let out waste products, sweat contains electrolytes to reduce amount of waste in the body

Vitamin D Synthesis:
Vitamin D is produced when UV touches the skin - necessary for absorption of calcium

43
Q

Composition of Blood:

A

Blood is composed of cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets) and plasma. Blood is also the transport vehicle for electrolytes, proteins, gasses, nutrients, waste products and hormones.

Plasma 55%
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) 45%
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) & Platelets<1%

44
Q

Role of hemoglobin in oxygen transportation:

A

Most (98.5%) of oxygen in the blood is transported by hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin within red blood cells.

45
Q

Distinguish between the functions of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets:

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells):
transport oxygen, using hemoglobin.

Leucocytes (white blood cells):
immune system, protect the body against infection and foreign invaders.

Platelets:
blood clotting, prevent blood loss

46
Q

PULMONARY CIRCULATION

A

Right atrium (deoxygenated blood)
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary arteries
Lungs (gets oxygen)
Pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)
Left atrium

47
Q

Systemic

A

Left atrium
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta (oxygenated blood)
Body (delivers oxygen)
Superior and inferior vena cava (deoxygenated blood)
Right atrium

48
Q

Heart Valves:

A
49
Q

Blood Pressure:

A

Systolic Blood Pressure:
When the heart contracts

Diastolic Blood Pressure:
The pressure when the heart relaxes

Dynamic vs Static Blood Pressure:
Static has a greater affect on blood pressure because there is a sustained muscular force that compresses peripheral arteries increasing blood flow resistance

50
Q

Discuss how systolic and diastolic blood pressure respond to dynamic and static
Exercise.

A

During dynamic exercise ( running)

systolic blood pressure (SBP) increases due to higher cardiac output, while diastolic blood pressure (DBP) remains the same or decreases slightly because of blood vessel dilation.

During static exercise ( weightlifting)
SBP and DBP increase
SBP rises significantly due to increased cardiac output and vascular resistance from muscle contractions, while DBP moderately increases because constant muscle contractions reduce blood vessel dilation. These differences highlight how the body’s cardiovascular response varies with the type of exercise.

51
Q

Respiratory Main structures:

A
52
Q

Lung Capacity (spiro)

A

TLC: Total Lung Capacity
Volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inhalation
TV: Tidal Volume
Volume of air breathed in and out in any one breath
ERV: Expiratory Reserve Volume
Volume of excess air from tidal volume that can be exhaled forcibly
IRV: Inspiratory Reserve Volume:
Additional inspired air over and above tidal volume
Residual Volume:
Volume of air still contained in the lungs after a maximal exhalation

53
Q

Gas Exchange:

A

Occurs in Alveoli: Oxygen diffuses into the blood; carbon dioxide diffuses out.

Oxygen diffuses from the site of higher pressure (alveolar air) to the site of lower pressure (capillary blood).

Gas moves across epithelial cells (single cells on the outer linings of our bodies) that separates alveoli from capillaries (tiny blood vessels)

Movement is due to differences in pressure (how frequently the gas bumps into you) of CO2 and O2 in the pulmonary system .

54
Q

Amino acids:

A

Protein is formed by Amino Acid chains and are linked in chains through peptide bonds

The body breaks down food into amino acids and then makes its own proteins

20 amino acids are needed for protein synthesis to occur in the human body

8 are essential that must come from the diet

Not all proteins contain amino acids therefore it is important to eat a range of protein

55
Q

Susceptibility to disease / infectivity (exercise and immunity)

A

Athletes are more susceptible to infections than their sedentary peers because of:
lower leukocyte numbers caused by the stress of the exercise
inflammation caused by muscle damage
greater exposure to airborne bacteria and viruses because of an increased rate and depth of breathing.

Moderate exercise, however, is associated with reduced susceptibility to infection.

56
Q

Aerobic + anaerobic Exercise

A

Aerobic Exercise:

Requires oxygen.
Low to moderate intensity, long duration.
Energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Benefits cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Anaerobic Exercise:

Does not require oxygen.
High intensity, short duration.
Energy from stored muscle sources.
Builds strength and power.

57
Q

Aerobic + anaerobic metabolism

A

Anaerobic:
chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simpler ones with a net release of energy

Aerobic:
compounds breaking down in presence of oxygen

IB Sports Science CK (9 decks)

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