EOYE Flashcards
Axial skeleton → 80 bones
Bones along vertical axis, skull, vertebrae, ribcage
Appendicular Skeleton → 126 bones
Shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs
Function of skeleton BPASS
Blood cell production :
RBC’s + WBC’s
Protection of vital organs :
Internal organs
Skull protects brain
Ribs + sternum protect heart
Attachment point for muscles :
Bones connected by ligaments
Storage :
Holds vitamins and minerals
Support :
Skeleton is structural framework for body
Anatomical Terminology of Locations of bones
Superior = towards head
Inferior = further from head
Anterior = closer to front of body
Posterior = closer to the back of the body
Medial = toward middle
Lateral = toward the side
Proximal = superior for appendicular limbs
Distal = inferior for appendicular limbs
Long Bone Structure
Define Joints
When two or more bones come into contact or articulate with each other
Parts of joints
Tendons:
Strips attaching the muscles to bone
Ligaments:
Bands connecting bones to bones at joints
Cartilage:
Soft cushioning that covers ends of bone (shock absorber)
Types of Joints
Synovial Joints
- Ball and socket
Example: hip & shoulder
- Pivot
Example: the atlas, and axis at the top of the cervical vertebrae.
- Saddle Joints.
Example: The thumb is the only one in the entire body.
- Hinge Joints
Example: Elbow and knee
- Condyloid Joints
Examples: between the metacarpals and phalanges in the hand.
- Gliding Joints
Examples: between the carpals in the hand and tarsals in the ankle.
Types of Muscles:
Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
Contractibility
Ability to shorten
Excitability
Ability to receive and respond to stimuli
Extensibility
Ability to be stretched beyond normal length
Elasticity
Ability of a muscle fiber to recoil and resume resting length
Structure of skeletal muscle
Epimysium- Perimysium - Endomysium - Myofibril
Types of Muscle Contractions
Isometric Contraction: Tension but no movement
NO change in length
No external movement
Static contraction
Increases blood pressure
Isotonic Contraction: Tension with movement
Concentric
Shortened → results in movement
Force greater than resistance
Eccentric
Muscle contractility BUT lengthening of muscle
Actin + Myosin are broken mechanically and it creates stronger bonds
Isokinetic Contraction: Tension at a constant speed
Rare in sporting
Special equipment
Antagonist Pairs:
Muscles working in pairs
The main muscle contracting is called agonist the opposite is called antagonist
What happens to muscles with use and no use:
Muscle Atrophy:
“Use it or lose it”
Decrease in mass of muscle tissue
Hypertrophy:
Increase in size of skeletal muscle
Controlled by nerve stimuli and fed by capillaries
Origin and Insertion of Muscles
Origin
Where the tendon of a muscle joins the stationary bone (usually proximal)
Insertion
Where the tendon of the muscle joins the moving bone (more distal)
Elbow Muscle movement
Flexion of the Elbow:
Agonist: Biceps brachii
Antagonist: Triceps brachii
Example: Lifting a dumbbell towards the shoulder.
Extension of the Elbow:
Agonist: Triceps brachii
Antagonist: Biceps brachii
Example: Lowering a dumbbell back to the starting position.
Primary Glands in Endocrine system
Hypothalamus + Pituitary Gland Relationship
Responsible for homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones, such as Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and growth hormone (GH), that help regulate a wide range of bodily functions including growth, and water and temperature regulation.
Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland
Circulating and Local Hormones:
Hormones are secreted by glands for bodily functions
Circulating hormones travel around the body through the blood (e.g testosterone)
Local hormones act on neighboring cells (e.g serotonin)
Circulating hormones regulate by complex feedback loops signaled by nervous system
Give an example of a negative feedback loop and contrast it to a positive feedback loop in the endocrine system. (4)
A negative feedback loop: blood glucose regulation to keep the body stable.
- When blood glucose rises after eating, the pancreas releases insulin, which lowers glucose levels. When glucose is low, the pancreas releases glucagon, which raises glucose levels.
A positive feedback loop: like during childbirth,
- Pressure on the cervix causes the release of oxytocin, leading to stronger contractions and more pressure, continuing until the baby is born.
Negative feedback maintains balance in the body, while positive feedback drives processes to completion.
Nervous systems … PNS, CNS etc
The Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Nerves extending from the spinal cord to the body
Autonomic Nervous System: Controls involuntary functions.
Sympathetic (SNS): ‘Fight or flight,’ increases heart rate, dilates pupils, inhibits digestion, uses norepinephrine.
Parasympathetic (PNS): ‘Rest and digest,’ decreases heart rate, constricts pupils, stimulates digestion, uses acetylcholine.
Two neurotransmitters involved in action potential synaptic cleft :
Acetylcholine and Acetylcholinesterase
Motor Unit:
