A.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

List five classes of non- nutritional ergogenic aids that are currently banned by the International Olympic

A
  • Beta Blockers
  • Anabolic steroids
  • Diuretics and masking agents
  • Stimulants
  • Hormones and related substances such as EPO and human growth hormone
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2
Q

Discuss why pharmacological substances appear on the list of banned substances.

A

A substance or method is included in the WADA prohibited list if it meets any of these criteria:

  • It has potential to enhance or enhances sport performance
  • It represents a potential or actual risk to the health of the athlete
  • It violates the spirit of the sport
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3
Q

Discuss the proposed and actual benefits that some athletes would hope to gain by using anabolic steroids, erythropoietin (EPO), beta blockers, caffeine and diuretics.

A

Anabolic steroids:

  • Increased Muscle Mass and Strength
  • Lower Body Fat
  • Endurance Performance
  • Ability to train more frequently and more intensely
  • Weight Gain

Recombinant Erythropoietin (rEPO):

  • Increased Oxygen Carrying Capacity of Blood
  • Alterations in Cognitive Function
  • Increased Exercise Capacity and Performance

Beta Blockers:
- Improved Precision and Accuracy and Reduced Symptoms of Anxiety

Diuretics and Masking agents:

  • Weight Control
  • Physical Appearance
  • Hiding Illicit Substances

Caffeine:

  • Improved endurance capacity
  • Caffeine burns fat as fuel, sparing carb stores. (not much evidence for this)
  • Caffeine enables muscles to contract with more force, due to a greater release of calcium
  • Caffeine increases alertness
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4
Q

Outline the possible harmful effects of long-term use of anabolic steroids, EPO, beta blockers, caffeine and diuretics.

A

Caffeine:

  • Caffeine is an addictive substance
  • High doses have been associated with heart arrhythmias and mild hallucinations
  • Possible links with risks in pregnancy, cancer, calcium level issues and bone health
Diuretics and masking agents:
- Performance affecting symptoms-
Fatigue
Drowsiness
Muscle Cramps
Muscle Soreness
  • Impaired thermoregulatory function-
    Diuretics reduce the volume of plasma in the blood.
  • Electrolyte loss

Beta blockers:
-Brachycardia
Abnormally low heart rate

  • Hypotension
    Low blood pressure
  • Cardiac Failure
    In those with underlying heart conditions
  • Hypoglycemia – low blood sugar
    In type 2 diabetics
  • Heart Arrhythmias
    Abnormal heart rhythm
    Can be life threatening
  • Dizziness or light headedness
    Due to low blood pressure

Anabolic steroids:

  • Increased LDL cholesterol
  • shrinkage of testicles
  • Disruption to menstrual cycle
  • Liver cancer
  • Increases occurrence of acne
  • Depression
  • Mood changes

rEPO:

  • Increased blood pressure
  • Viscosity of blood could lead to blood clots, stroke, heart failure or heart attack
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