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Science > EoY's Revision (Y8) > Flashcards

EoY's Revision (Y8) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The 7 Types of Nutrients

A

Carbohydrates-Provides Energy (Glucose)
Lipids-(Fats+Oils) Provide short bursts of energy
Proteins-Used for growth and repair of tissues
Vitamins- To keep your health in order
Minerals-Keeps you healthy
Fibre-Provides bulk to you food in digestion
Water-Needed in all cells and bodily fluids

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2
Q

How do you Test Food for Starch

A

Add few a few drops of iodine

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3
Q

What colour does Starch’s Solution go

A

If there is Starch in a food, it will turn a dark-blue colour. If not it will be an orangey colour.

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4
Q

How do you Test Food for Lipids

A

Add ethanol to the food and shake in test tube. Leave for a minute and then pour ethanol into some water.

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5
Q

What colour do the Lipid’s Solution go

A

If the water turns cloudy, then Lipids are present in the food.

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6
Q

How do you Test Food for Sugar

A

Add few drops of Benedict’s Solution. Heat test tube with a water bath.

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7
Q

What colour does the Sugar’s Solution go

A

The Food will and orange/red if there is Sugar present. If not it just will not be orange.

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8
Q

How do you Test Food for Protein

A

Add a few drops of Buiret’s Solution or you can use Copper Sulphate and then add Sodium Hydroxide to the food’s Solution .

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9
Q

What colour does the Protein’s Food Solution.

A

If there is protein present in the solution, it will turn Purple/Dark Blue. If not then it will be a light blue.

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10
Q

The route your Food takes

A 
Mouth
Oesophagus 
Stomach
Small Intestines
Large Intestines
Rectum
Anus
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11
Q

Main Types of Enzymes in certain parts of the Body:

A

Mouth - Amylase (Carbohydrase) -Substrate:Starch
Stomach - Pepsin - Substrate:Protein
Pancreas - Carbohydrase, Protease, Lipase - Substrate:Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids
Ileum (Small Intestines) - Carbohydrase, Protease, Lipase - Substrate:Carbohydrase, Proteins, Lipids

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12
Q

The 2 Types of Drugs

A

Medicinal and Recreational Drugs

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13
Q

Use of Medicinal Drugs

A

These are used for curing illnesses. For some of them, you will need to have a prescription to use.

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14
Q

Use of Recreational Drugs

A

Recreational Drugs are mainly taken these for enjoyment, to help them in some way. They normally have little or no actual benefits and in most cases are harmful. If there are not prescribed, then they are usually illegal. Legal Recreational Drugs are Tobacco and Alcohol. Illegal ones are Cocaine, Cannabis and Heroin.

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15
Q

Main 3 harmful Chemicals in Tobacco

A

The 3 main harmful things in tobacco smoke is Tar, Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide. There are over 4000 harmful Chemicals in it too.

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16
Q

What can lots of Tobacco Smoke cause?

A

It can cause you Arteries to get blocked up, Heart Disease, Emphysema and many other Respiratory Infections.

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17
Q

Photosynthesis Equations

A

light
Carbon Dioxide+Water —> Glucose + Oxygen

                  light CO2+H2O ---> C6H12O6+O2
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18
Q

Process of Photosynthesis

A

When a living organism harnesses the energy supplied from the Sun and the organisms convert it to Glucose.

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19
Q

A leaf’s adaptations:

A
  • Are green (Chlorophyll)
  • Are thin
  • Have a large Surface area
  • Have veins
  • The underside has less Chlorophyll
  • Has a waxy cuticle
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20
Q

Types of Plant minerals and if then don’t receive that type of nutrients

A

Nitrate Deficiency - Plant will have poor growth and older leaves turn yellow
Magnesium Deficiency - Plant will turn yellow
Phosphorus Deficiency - Plant will have poor growth and younger leaves will look purple
Potassium Deficiency - Has yellow leaves with dead patches

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21
Q

Types of Respiration and their Equations

A

Aerobic Respiration:
Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ Energy)

Anaerobic Respiration:
Glucose —> Lactic Acid (+ Energy)

Fermentation:
Glucose —> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide (+ Energy)

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22
Q

What does a Food Chain/Food Web show?

A

A Food Chain/Web shows the symbiotic feeding relationships of animals that live in the same habitat. It also shows the direction of the Energy through the organisms.

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23
Q

Definitions of Habitat, Ecosystem, Community and Population

A

Habitat-An area or space in which an organism ca live in, it has all the things in it that the organisms living there will need to survive.

Ecosystem-The name given to the interaction and co-existence of organisms in the same area.

Community-The collection of different types of organisms present in an ecosystem.

Population-The number of organisms of the same species living in a habitat.

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24
Q

Ordering of a Food Chain (Producers, Consumers e.c.t)

A 
Producer (Plant)
Primary Consumer (Herbivore-Prey)
Secondary Consumer (Carnivore-Predator+Prey)
Tertiary Consumer (Carnivore-Predator
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25
Q

Definition of Interdependence

A

Is when an organism relies on other organisms to help the different species to survive over a long term time period.

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26
Q

What is Bioaccumulation

A

Bioaccumulation is when toxic materials increase within an animal as it eats animals that have been affected by insecticides and toxins. This can affect animals that are further up the food chain.

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27
Q

Definition of an element

A

An element is a pure substance found in the periodic table

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28
Q

Properties of a Metal

A 
Good conductor of heat and electricity
Shiny
High Density
Malleable
Ductile 
Sonorus
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29
Q

Properties of a non-Metal

A 
Poor conductor of heat and electricity.
Dull
Low density
Brittle
Not Sonorous
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30
Q

Where are metals and non-Metals in the Periodic Table found?

A

Metal are found on the left hand of the Periodic Table to the left of the Stepped Stairs going down to the right. Non-Metals are on the right hand side of this.

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31
Q

What are groups and periods

A

Groups are the Vertical Columns in the Periodic Table and Periods are the horizontal rows in the Periodic tables. All elements in the same groups and periods are similar.

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32
Q

First 20 elements in the periodic table

A 
H-Hydrogen
He-Helium
Li-Lithium
Be-Beryllium
B-Boron
C-Carbon
N-Nitrogen
O-Oxygen
F-Fluorine
Ne-Neon
Na-Sodium
Mg-Magnesium 
Al-Aluminium
Si-Silicon
P-Phosphorus 
S-Sulphur
Cl-Chlorine
Ar-Argon
K-Potassium
Ca-Calcium
33
Q

Magnetic Substances (Elements and Compounds):

A

Iron
Cobalt
Steel
Nickel

34
Q

Group 1 Metal Properties

A

Are metals
Good Conductors of heat and electricity
Are Shiny
Have much lower melting points compared to other metals. Are very reactive

35
Q

Group 7 Properties

A 
Are non-metals
Low melting points
Do not conduct electricity 
Can be in either solid, liquid or gas
All very reactive with iron
Reactions get less vigorous the further down the group gets (opposite of Group 1)
36
Q

Group 0 Properties

A

All in the form of Gas (Noble Gases)
They have all have very low melting points and boiling points
They glow brightly when high voltage electricity passes through them
They react very little, with some scientists claiming they are unreactive
They get only slightly more reactive as they group goes down

37
Q

What are displacement reactions?

A

They are when a metal from the electrochemical series is mixed with the ions of a metal lower down in the electrochemical series. The atoms of more reactive metals push their electrons to the ions of the less reactive metal.

38
Q

Mixtures definition

A

When substances put together and are as one, but are not chemically joined.

39
Q

Compounds Definition

A

A compound is when two types of atoms are chemically joined together and a chemical reaction is the only thing that will be able to separate them

40
Q

Solute definition

A

The substance which is dissolved into the Solvent. This is usually a solid

41
Q

Solvent Definition

A

The substance that dissolves the solute. This is usually a liquid

42
Q

Solution definintion

A

The Solute that has fully dissolved in the the Sovent

43
Q

Saturated Solution Definition

A

When the Solvent physically cannot dissolve any more of the solute.

44
Q

How does Temperature affect Solubility

A

The temperature affects Solubility in the fact that it makes more gaps between the liquid particles, meaning that more of the Solute can be dissolved before a Saturated Solution can be made

45
Q

What is Filtration

A

Filtration is when a liquid is separated from an insoluble solid.

46
Q

What is Evaporation

A

Evaporation is when separates a liquid from an insoluble solid

47
Q

What is Distillation

A

Distillation is when two liquids with different boiling points are separated

48
Q

What is Chromatography

A

Chromatography is when all of the colours from an ink are separated due to rising of water vapour. It can also separate certain substances in a mixture to see the nutrients in them too.

49
Q

3 types of smaller particles in an atom

A

Protons- Positive Charge
Electrons- Negative Charge
Neutrons- Neutral Charge

50
Q

What produces the electrons that flow around circuits

A

The wires, not the battery, the battery just makes them move!

51
Q

What is Static Electricity and Current Electricty

A

This is when electrons are rubbed off onto another material. Current electricity is when electrons are charged by a battery/cell and move around a circuit

52
Q

What is an electric field?

A

An electric field is a region around a charged particle/object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects

53
Q

Where are electrical fields and gravitational fields found?

A

Electric fields are around all charged object and a gravitational field acts around any mass.

54
Q

Current Definition

A

The amount of charges in which can flow per second

55
Q

Voltage Definition

A

This tells you the size of the force on the charges and how much energy can be transferred to the components in the circuit by these charges.

56
Q

How is resistance increased

A

When the length of the wire increases
When the thickness of the wire decreases
When the amount of metal ions on the wires are increased

57
Q

What is Resistance

A

Resistance tells us how easy or difficult it is for the charges (current) to pass through the wire. Resistance is measure in Ohms and is usually caused by the electrons colliding with the Metal Ions, or is the wire is too thin, or even if something is obstructing the current. The resistance is increases in a longer wire, as the current has more ions to get through

58
Q

What is the job of a resistor

A

The job of a resistor is to make sure that the flow of the current decreases. They are used to lower currents, divide voltages, adjust signal levels and to basically slower the electrons and keep the current at a controlled pace.

59
Q

The 4 Magnetic Metals

A

Iron, *Steel, Cobalt and Nickel

*Is not an Element

60
Q

What is a magnetic field

A

This is the area around a magnet which is magnetic and that holds a moving electric change within it. The closer the lines are in a magnetic field, the stronger the magnetic field will be. In permanent Magnets, a magnetic field is forever present.

61
Q

What is a Magnetic Domain

A

A magnetic domain is an area of a piece of metal/magnet in which all of it’s atoms are aligned with one another and pointing in the same direction. When all of the domains are aligned, the magnet is stronger. To magnetise a metal, you have to slowly stroke it with a magnet repeatedly for a couple of minutes to align the domains

62
Q

How do you create an electromagnet

A

Get your magnetic metal core, then get some thin wires and connect to a source of electricity. Wrap this wire repeatedly around the metal core, the more coils of the wire, the bigger it’s magnetic field will get.

63
Q

Th 5 main types of energy stores

A

There are 5 main types of energy stores:
Chemical-Food, Fuels, Batteries
Thermal-Hot objects, Temperature
Kinetic-Moving Objects
Gravitational Potential-Position in Gravitational Field
Elastic Potential-Changing Shape, stretching, squashing

64
Q

The unit of Energy

A

The unit for energy is Joules (J)
1J-a Joule
1,000J-a Kilo-Joule
1,000,000-a Megajoule

65
Q

What do Scientists call it when energy changes into a Thermal Store of the Surroundings

A

They usually call it Dissipation

66
Q

What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?

A

The Law of Conservation of Energy is that energy cannot be created or destroyed.

You also don’t get out more than you put in

(Energy can only be be transferred between the 5 energy stores)

67
Q

Are Energy and Temperature the same

A

They are different because of this:
If you had a glass of water and a swimming pool and they were the same temperature, they still wouldn’t have the same amounts of energy. More energy would be in the swimming pool because more energy is need to keep a larger amount of particles at the same temperature.

68
Q

What happens in Conduction

A

In Conduction, particles transfer energy by colliding with each other and vibrating. The transfer actually happens when the two surfaces are at the same temperature. Insulators only conduct small amounts of energy

69
Q

What happens in Convection

A

In Convection, the heating of particles are different from Conduction. Convection doesn’t take place with solids, only liquids and gases. This process is like if you heating soup in a saucepan. The soup in contact with the saucepan at the bottom (where the heat is coming from) heats up the particles. These particles are now less dense and rise, while the cooler ones sink down to their place to be heated. This will eventually create a convection current.

70
Q

What happens in the process of Infrared Radiation

A

Infrared Radiation can also be called Thermal Radiation or even just heat. Things such as burning coal give off light, but also infrared radiation. The sun also does this. Infrared does not need particles to pass through like conduction and convection as it can travel through space which is a vacuum. All objects emit infrared radiation, but the type depends on the temperature, how much radiation they emit per second, depending on the surface and based on the fact that it can be transmitted, absorbed, or reflected.

71
Q

How can insulation prevent energy transfer

A

Insulation can stop heat from escaping you home. This is why you may insulate the roof of you house for example. People do this as Heat Energy in the Thermal Energy Store rises and it is light and colder air. If it was not for your insulated roof, then it would easily escape and change energy stores in the process, whilst also preventing Convection too, as it has a thicker surface to go through before heat the gas particles found in the air on the outside. However, with the insulation, not all of this is stopped, it just reduced the numbers involved it it by a big amount, therefore meaning that Insulation does actually reduce energy Transfer

72
Q

What is Non-Renewable Energy and it’s Pros and Cons

A

Non-Renewable Energy is when energy in the form of when coal, oil and gas are dug out from the ground and are used to create electricity.

Pros:
It’s easy to find at the moment
It is an extremely reliable source once you have the materials
This method of making electricity has been used for years and years, making it easier for the manufacturers to deal with
It creates a lot more energy per unit that any other source of making electricity
It is the simplest possible way ti make electricity

Cons:
The digging if the resources releases CO2.
These resources are also putt in vehicles as well.
Harmful Greenhouse gasses are emitted from the power plants.
They are one of the main contributors to Global Warming and Climate Change.
It producesSulphur Dioxide, Nitrogen and other particulates

73
Q

What is Renewable Energy and it’s Pros and Cons

A

Renewable Energy is when the resources used to make electricity can be used for ever wind ever. They use things that will always stay on Earth like light from the sun, wind and water.

Pros:
They can be used for the rest on human existence as far as we know
They have very little or no running costs at all
Does not produce any harmful toxins or gases
It does not impact on the resources used e.g it doesn’t take the wind out of the sky (Wind Turbines) or the water out of the rivers (HEP)
It can help slow down the process of Global Warming and bring Climate Change to a stop.

Cons:
When they are built, they are usually built with machines that are not non-renewable and produce CO2.
They can spoil the view of a particular area
The cost to initially build the renewable source can be extremely high
They can disturb the surroundings animals and wildlife (e.g Wind turbines cause about an average of 4 bird deaths each year)
They can be unreliable at times and fluctuate with their produce of electricity
Some transportation costs can be quite high too
An single units doesn’t produce as much as a single power plant, meaning you will have to build more units; increasing the cost of building

74
Q

The Process of Energy Production a Typical Power Plant

A

In a typical Thermal Power Station, the fossil fuels are used to heat up a big furnace and boiler which then produces steam. The steam is sent to the turbine. This turns the turbine, which drives the generator, creating the electricity. It then gies through a step up transformer and onto the National Grid

75
Q

Equations for Power and Work Done

A

Power = Energy (J) / Time (s)

Energy = Work Done

Work Done = Force x Distance

76
Q

How is a Kilowatt Hour calculated?

A

To calculate in Kilowatt Hours, then get the kWs x the hours used. Then you will have Kilowatt Hours
E.g:
12kW x 3 hours = 36kWh

12kW is the same as 12,000 joules per second (J/s) and to get joules you will have to times by 3600 (amount of seconds in a hour) to get the number of Joules.
E.g:
12J/s x 3600 seconds = 43,200,000 J

77
Q

Use the information from the last 2 Flashcards to Work out the Following:

A shower uses the Power of 10kW and a family uses it for an hour per day.

a) Work out in Kilowatt hours how much Power they’d use in a Week.
b) Work out the cost for a Week for their shower alone, if their Electricity Company charged them 15p per Kilowatt Hour.
c) What is the amount of Joules they’d use for the Shower each week

A

a) 10kW x 7 hours = 70kWh per week
b) 70kWh x 15p = 1065p = £10.65 per week
c) 10kW = 10,000 J/s x 3600s (seconds in an hour) = 3,600,000J

78
Q

Calculate the Following Examples:

a) Lifting A Book, find out the Work Done in Joules when you use 2N of force and lift it 3m above the table.
b) Do the sane as before except you use 1N of force on sliding the book instead of lifting the book and you push it 0.4m.

(Work Done = Force x Distance)

A

a) Work Done = Force x Distance
2N x 3m = 6J

b) Work Done = Force x Distance
1N x 0.4m = 0.4J
(If b) was 2N, then it would 0.8J and so on…)

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