EOC review Flashcards
Fossil Record
A record of organisms on earth that have been preserved in rock
Biogeography
The study of the distribution of species over time.
Molecular Homology
Similar amino acid sequences (DNA) among species from a common ancestor:evidence of common ancestry
Anatomical Homology
Anatomical similarities such as similar bone structure.
Developmental homology
The development of different species are similar: evidence of common ancestry.
Homologous structures
Structures with the same function, but different structures.
Analogous structures
Structures with a different function but the same structures.
Vestigial structure
Structures with a function in the ancestor of the organism, but are no longer needed.
Natural selection`
Natures way of selecting the best traits in a particular environment: AKA survival of the fittest.
Adaptation
Inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival.
Speciation
Formation of a new species.
Geographic isolation
Isolation due to geographic features/landforms.
Temporal isolation
Isolation due to different mating patterns.
Behavioral isolation
Isolation due to difference in mating rituals. (Songs, and dances.)
Cladogram
A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.
Derived character
Characteristics from a common ancestor.
What are Nucleic acids made up of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous.
What do Nucleic acids do?
Store and transmits genetic information such as DNA, and RNA
What are nucleotides made up of?
Sugar (deoxyribose) Phosphate groups and nitrogen bases.
What do nucleotides do?
They are the monomer of DNA.
What are the 4 nitrogen bases, and how do they pair?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine.
Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine.
What is a gene mutation?
an alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. (Change in an organisms DNA)
What is point mutation?
One nucleotide is SUBSTITUTED for another.
What is Frameshift mutation?
An insertion or deletion of at least one nucleotide.
What is an amino acid?
A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl and an amino acid.
Homozygous
Term used to refer to an organism that has TWO IDENTICAL ALLELES for the same trait.
Heterozygous
term used to refer to an organism that has 2 DIFFERENT ALLELES for the same trait.
Genotype
The combination of alleles that an organism has.
Genetic make-up of a specific set of genes.
Phenotype
The physical characteristics an organism has.
Physical characteristics or traits.
Dominant
An allele that is ALWAYS EXPRESSED when it is present.
Recessive
an allele that is ONLY EXPRESSIVE WHEN RECESSIVE ALLELES ARE PRESENT.
Incomplete Dominance
When one allele is not completely dominant over the other or blending occurs.
Codominance
Occurs when both alleles of a gene are expressed in an individual. (You see both traits.)
Photosynthesis
Converting solar energy into chemical energy
Cellular respiration
Chemical energy into a useable energy. (ATP)
Diffusion
Movement from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
Osmosis.
Diffusion of WATER from high concentration to low concentration.
Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion from high concentration to low concentration using a transport protein.
Active transport
Movement from low concentration to high concentration using transport protiens and energy.
Protein synthesis
The formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
What is the equation for Photosynthesis?
6CO2+6H20+sunlight=C6H12O6+O2
What is the equation for Cellular respiration?
C6H12O6+O2+ATP=6CO2+6H2O
Hypertonic
The cell Shrivels out because water is exiting the cell.
Isotonic
The cell is healthy with equal water amounts leaving and entering the cell.
Hypotonic
Too much water is coming into the cell causing it to swell, and possibly burst.
Passive transport
moves from high to low, and does not need a transport protein.
Virus
Particle made up of DNA and capsid. Reproduce only by infecting living cells.
Lytic Cycle
Process in which a virus enters a cell, makes a copy of itslef, and causes the cell to burst.
Lysogenic Cycle
Process by which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cells DNA.
Capsid
Outer protein coat of a virus.
DNA replication
To make a copy of an organisms DNA
Mitosis
Part of cell divisions during which the cell nucleus divides. (body cells)
Chromosome
A strand of DNA that is visable because it is coiled up tightly.
Nuclear Membrane
Consists of a double phospholoid membrane, contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell.
Nucleotide
Basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA
What happens in the G1 Phase?
Cells grow, carry out normal functions, and replicate their organelles.
What happens in the S Phase?
DNA is copied or replicated.
What happens in the G2 Phase?
The cell continues to grow and prepares to divide.
What is the order for Mitosis?
Prophase, Netaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis. (PMAT)
What happens in Prophase?
Nuclear membrane dissppears and Chromosomes Appear.
What happens in Metaphase?
The chromosomes line up in the MIDDLE of the cell.
What happens in Anaphase?
Chromosomes are pulled APART.
What happens in Telophase?
TWO nuclear membranes are fromed around the chromosome.
What happens in Cytokinesis?
The division of the CYTOplasm.`
What do nucleic acids do?
Store and transmit genetic information.
What do carbohydrates do?
It is the bodys main source of energy.
What do Proteins do?
Create enzymes and hormones.
What do Lipids do?
Store energy.
What are Nucleic acids made up of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus.
What are Carbohydrates made up of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen.
What are proteins made up of?
Carbon, HydrogenOxygen, Nitrogen
Ecological succesion
A process of change in the species that make up a community.
Primary succession
Succession that occurs in bare ecosystems no soil or vegetation.
Secondary succession
Succession in an existing ecosystem- started by remaining soil and species.
Pioneer species
First species to populate an area during primary succession, for example lichen.
Climax community
A biological community of plants and animals and fungi, which, through the process of ecological succession has reached a STEADY STATE.
Species diversity
Biological differences between a set of species.
Predation
One organism captures and ears another organism.
Competition
2 Organisms fight for the same limited resource.
Mutualism
Both organisms benefit.
Commensalism
One organsim benefits while one is neither helped nor harmed.
parisitism
One organism benefits while the other is harmed.
Trophic level
Step in a food chain or food web
Producer
Organism that converts sunlight into food, also known as an autotroph.
Consumer
Organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supple; also called a heterotroph.
10% rule
The energy an organism has is passed to the next level 90% is lost as heat.
Invasive species
A species brought to an ecosystem by humans. Accidentally or on porpous.
Algal bloom.
A lot of nutrients come into an aquatic ecosystem algal blooms sometimes form.
Biological magnigication
Accumulation of toxins in food chain.
Enzyme
Protein catalyst that speeds up reactions
Activation energy
energy that starts a reaction
Substrate
Reactants of an enzymes binding.
Biosphere
Part of earth that contains all ecosystems.
Ecosystem
Community and its nonliving surroundings
Community
Several different species in one area.
Population
Organisms of the same species living in the same area.
Species
An individual living thing.
