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EOC review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fossil Record

A

A record of organisms on earth that have been preserved in rock

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2
Q

Biogeography

A

The study of the distribution of species over time.

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3
Q

Molecular Homology

A

Similar amino acid sequences (DNA) among species from a common ancestor:evidence of common ancestry

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4
Q

Anatomical Homology

A

Anatomical similarities such as similar bone structure.

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5
Q

Developmental homology

A

The development of different species are similar: evidence of common ancestry.

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6
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures with the same function, but different structures.

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7
Q

Analogous structures

A

Structures with a different function but the same structures.

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8
Q

Vestigial structure

A

Structures with a function in the ancestor of the organism, but are no longer needed.

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9
Q

Natural selection`

A

Natures way of selecting the best traits in a particular environment: AKA survival of the fittest.

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10
Q

Adaptation

A

Inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival.

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11
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of a new species.

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12
Q

Geographic isolation

A

Isolation due to geographic features/landforms.

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13
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Isolation due to different mating patterns.

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14
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Isolation due to difference in mating rituals. (Songs, and dances.)

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15
Q

Cladogram

A

A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.

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16
Q

Derived character

A

Characteristics from a common ancestor.

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17
Q

What are Nucleic acids made up of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous.

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18
Q

What do Nucleic acids do?

A

Store and transmits genetic information such as DNA, and RNA

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19
Q

What are nucleotides made up of?

A

Sugar (deoxyribose) Phosphate groups and nitrogen bases.

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20
Q

What do nucleotides do?

A

They are the monomer of DNA.

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21
Q

What are the 4 nitrogen bases, and how do they pair?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine.

Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine.

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22
Q

What is a gene mutation?

A

an alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. (Change in an organisms DNA)

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23
Q

What is point mutation?

A

One nucleotide is SUBSTITUTED for another.

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24
Q

What is Frameshift mutation?

A

An insertion or deletion of at least one nucleotide.

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25
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl and an amino acid.

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26
Q

Homozygous

A

Term used to refer to an organism that has TWO IDENTICAL ALLELES for the same trait.

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27
Q

Heterozygous

A

term used to refer to an organism that has 2 DIFFERENT ALLELES for the same trait.

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28
Q

Genotype

A

The combination of alleles that an organism has.

Genetic make-up of a specific set of genes.

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29
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical characteristics an organism has.

Physical characteristics or traits.

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30
Q

Dominant

A

An allele that is ALWAYS EXPRESSED when it is present.

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31
Q

Recessive

A

an allele that is ONLY EXPRESSIVE WHEN RECESSIVE ALLELES ARE PRESENT.

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32
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

When one allele is not completely dominant over the other or blending occurs.

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33
Q

Codominance

A

Occurs when both alleles of a gene are expressed in an individual. (You see both traits.)

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34
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Converting solar energy into chemical energy

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35
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Chemical energy into a useable energy. (ATP)

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36
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

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37
Q

Osmosis.

A

Diffusion of WATER from high concentration to low concentration.

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38
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion from high concentration to low concentration using a transport protein.

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39
Q

Active transport

A

Movement from low concentration to high concentration using transport protiens and energy.

40
Q

Protein synthesis

A

The formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA

41
Q

What is the equation for Photosynthesis?

A

6CO2+6H20+sunlight=C6H12O6+O2

42
Q

What is the equation for Cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6+O2+ATP=6CO2+6H2O

43
Q

Hypertonic

A

The cell Shrivels out because water is exiting the cell.

44
Q

Isotonic

A

The cell is healthy with equal water amounts leaving and entering the cell.

45
Q

Hypotonic

A

Too much water is coming into the cell causing it to swell, and possibly burst.

46
Q

Passive transport

A

moves from high to low, and does not need a transport protein.

47
Q

Virus

A

Particle made up of DNA and capsid. Reproduce only by infecting living cells.

48
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

Process in which a virus enters a cell, makes a copy of itslef, and causes the cell to burst.

49
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

A

Process by which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cells DNA.

50
Q

Capsid

A

Outer protein coat of a virus.

51
Q

DNA replication

A

To make a copy of an organisms DNA

52
Q

Mitosis

A

Part of cell divisions during which the cell nucleus divides. (body cells)

53
Q

Chromosome

A

A strand of DNA that is visable because it is coiled up tightly.

54
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

Consists of a double phospholoid membrane, contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell.

55
Q

Nucleotide

A

Basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA

56
Q

What happens in the G1 Phase?

A

Cells grow, carry out normal functions, and replicate their organelles.

57
Q

What happens in the S Phase?

A

DNA is copied or replicated.

58
Q

What happens in the G2 Phase?

A

The cell continues to grow and prepares to divide.

59
Q

What is the order for Mitosis?

A

Prophase, Netaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis. (PMAT)

60
Q

What happens in Prophase?

A

Nuclear membrane dissppears and Chromosomes Appear.

61
Q

What happens in Metaphase?

A

The chromosomes line up in the MIDDLE of the cell.

62
Q

What happens in Anaphase?

A

Chromosomes are pulled APART.

63
Q

What happens in Telophase?

A

TWO nuclear membranes are fromed around the chromosome.

64
Q

What happens in Cytokinesis?

A

The division of the CYTOplasm.`

65
Q

What do nucleic acids do?

A

Store and transmit genetic information.

66
Q

What do carbohydrates do?

A

It is the bodys main source of energy.

67
Q

What do Proteins do?

A

Create enzymes and hormones.

68
Q

What do Lipids do?

A

Store energy.

69
Q

What are Nucleic acids made up of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus.

70
Q

What are Carbohydrates made up of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen.

71
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Carbon, HydrogenOxygen, Nitrogen

72
Q

Ecological succesion

A

A process of change in the species that make up a community.

73
Q

Primary succession

A

Succession that occurs in bare ecosystems no soil or vegetation.

74
Q

Secondary succession

A

Succession in an existing ecosystem- started by remaining soil and species.

75
Q

Pioneer species

A

First species to populate an area during primary succession, for example lichen.

76
Q

Climax community

A

A biological community of plants and animals and fungi, which, through the process of ecological succession has reached a STEADY STATE.

77
Q

Species diversity

A

Biological differences between a set of species.

78
Q

Predation

A

One organism captures and ears another organism.

79
Q

Competition

A

2 Organisms fight for the same limited resource.

80
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit.

81
Q

Commensalism

A

One organsim benefits while one is neither helped nor harmed.

82
Q

parisitism

A

One organism benefits while the other is harmed.

83
Q

Trophic level

A

Step in a food chain or food web

84
Q

Producer

A

Organism that converts sunlight into food, also known as an autotroph.

85
Q

Consumer

A

Organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supple; also called a heterotroph.

86
Q

10% rule

A

The energy an organism has is passed to the next level 90% is lost as heat.

87
Q

Invasive species

A

A species brought to an ecosystem by humans. Accidentally or on porpous.

88
Q

Algal bloom.

A

A lot of nutrients come into an aquatic ecosystem algal blooms sometimes form.

89
Q

Biological magnigication

A

Accumulation of toxins in food chain.

90
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein catalyst that speeds up reactions

91
Q

Activation energy

A

energy that starts a reaction

92
Q

Substrate

A

Reactants of an enzymes binding.

93
Q

Biosphere

A

Part of earth that contains all ecosystems.

94
Q

Ecosystem

A

Community and its nonliving surroundings

95
Q

Community

A

Several different species in one area.

96
Q

Population

A

Organisms of the same species living in the same area.

97
Q

Species

A

An individual living thing.

Biology (7 decks)

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