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MOHDIII - Unit 2 > Environmental Diseases > Flashcards

Environmental Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Difference in survival b/w smokers and nonsmokers

A

7.5 years

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2
Q

Four major patient safety issues

A
  1. Infection Control
  2. Surgical Errors
  3. Communication Errors
  4. Drug Errors
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3
Q

Drug causing hepatocellular damage

A

acetominophen

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4
Q

Drug causing thromboembolism

A

oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy

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5
Q

Drug causing renal papillary necrosis

A

Aspirin or Phenacetin

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6
Q

Drug causing pseudomembranous colitis

A

antibiotics

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7
Q

Drugs leading to second cancers

A

chemotherapeutic agents or radiotherapy

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8
Q

Primary cancer most commonly researched for second cancer development

A

Breast

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9
Q

Cancers commonly studied for second cancer development

A

Hodgkin disease, NHL, Breast, Testicular, ovarian, cervical (cancers often treated with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy) - also occur at an early age

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10
Q

Second cancers associated with radiotherapy

A

AML, Thyroid, Female Breast

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11
Q

Second cancers associated with chemotherapy

A

AML

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12
Q

Signs of asbestos exposure

A

localized fibrous plaques, diffuse pleural fibrosis (rare), diffuse pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, lung cancer & mesothelioma

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13
Q

Two forms of asbestos fibers

A

Chrysotile & Amphibole

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14
Q

Chrysotile

A
  • asbestos fiber that is curly & flexible
  • accounts for 95% of all asbestos used in 20th century
  • less potent than amphibole for mesothelioma
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15
Q

Amphibole

A
  • Straight, stiff, & brittle asbestos fiber
  • More pathogenic than chrysotile (delivered deeper into lungs)
  • Longer thinner are more pathogenic then shorter thicker fibers
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16
Q

Most common sign of asbestos

A

localized pleural fibrous plaques

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17
Q

Common unintentional poisoning in the U.S.

A

Carbon Monoxide - half of deaths caused by motor-vehicle exhaust

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18
Q

Signs of carbon monoxide poisoning

A

headache, nausea, dyspnea, collapse, dizziness, loss of consiousness (signs of a good night out?)

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19
Q

Common health effects of carbon monoxide poisoning

A

brain (neuropsychologic), heart, liver, kidneys (high O2 consumption)

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20
Q

Pathologic brain findings of hypoxic brain injury (carbon monoxide poisoning)

A

cerebral cortex neurons, sommer’s sector of hippocampus, purkinje cells - cerebellum, BILATERAL NECROSIS OF GLOBUS PALLIDUS

21
Q

Government air-quality standard of carbon monoxide to keep carboxyhemoglobin at what level in non-smokers

A
22
Q

Carbon monoxide alarms designed to go off at what level of carboxyhemoglobin

A

> 10%

23
Q

most common way radon enters home

A

from soil beneath them (cracks in foundation)

24
Q

how is Iowa’s radon levels

A

consider the worst state with highest radon exposure on per household

25
Q

What two by products of radon radiation cause the most damage

A
  1. polonium-218

2. polonium-214

26
Q

What pathology does radon cause

A

lung cancer - 21,000 deaths/yr would be 7th leading cause of cancer death if separated from other lung cancers

27
Q

Environmental gases you cannot See, Hear, Taste, or Smell

A

Radon & Carbon Monoxide

28
Q

Major categories of pesticides & what they control for

A
  1. Insecticides - insects
  2. Herbicides - weeds
  3. Fungicides - fungus
  4. Rodenticides - rodents
  5. Fumigants - insecticides in the form of gases
29
Q

Major route of absorption of insecticides and herbicides

A

Skin

30
Q

Pesticide associated with more serious side effects

A

insecticides

31
Q

Signs/Symptoms of pesticide poisoning

A

tired, headache, dizzy, sweaty, blurred vision, nausea, muscle pain, cramps - NON SPECIFIC

32
Q

Insecticides associated with cholinesterase inhibition (neurotoxicity)

A

Organophosphates & Carbamates

33
Q

Signs/Symptoms of organophosphate exposure

A

miosis, salivation, lacrimation, diaphoresis, twitching muscles, restlessness, acute respiratory distress, convulsions, coma

34
Q

Suspected diseases of pesticide exposure

A

cancer, immunotoxicity, delayed neuropathy, respiratory distress, reproductive effects

35
Q

IARC reports what two pesticides as carcinogenic

A

arsenical insecticides & dioxin

36
Q

Types of radiation from lowest to greatest penetration

A

alpha

37
Q

Two aspects that make cells more sensitive to radiation

A
  1. high mitotic activity

2. low differentiation

38
Q

What three types of cancer are most sensitive to radiation

A

Lymphoma, Seminoma, Leukemia

39
Q

How does radiation cause cancer

A

DNA Damge

40
Q

Two ways radiation causes DNA Damage

A

Direct - double strand breaks

Indirect - Free radical formation

41
Q

Major way radiation causes DNA damage

A

Indirect pathway - free radical formation

42
Q

Morphologic changes to nucleus and cytoplasm from radiation

A

swelling, vacuolization, defects in membranes

43
Q

Vascular changes from radiation exposure

A

dilation, swelling & vacuolization of endothelial cells, vessel wall hemorrhage & occasional rupture

44
Q

Chronic cellular effects of radiation exposure

A

fibrosis, atrophy, vessel wall thickening, non-neoplastic complications, neoplasia

45
Q

Types of injury from atomic bombings

A

burns, mechanical, high blast pressure, radiation

46
Q

Types of injuries from atomic bomb based on location from bomb

A

Hypocenter - everything vaporized
Blast area - most lethal casualties from heat burns, blast, fallen debris
Outside blast area - casualties from fire & radiation
Outside area damaged by explosion - casualties due to long-term health effects

47
Q

Whole body radiation exposure somatic effects in order

A
  1. Transient prodromal phase - nausea/vomiting, headache, fever, diarrhea, cognitive impairment
  2. Ensuing asymptomatic latent period
  3. Principal phase - dose dependent
48
Q

Principal phase of illness in ionizing radiation

A

0-1 Sv: no injury - 100% survival
1-2 Sv: lymphocytes - lymphopenia in 1-7 days; 100% survival
2-10 Sv: bone marrow - leukopenia, hemorrhage, hair loss in 4-6 weeks; 0-80% survival
10-20 Sv: small bowel - diarrhea, fever, electrolyte imbalance in 5-14 days; 100% lethal
>50 Sv: brain - ataxia, vomit, coma, convulsions in 1-4 hours; 100% lethal

49
Q

Leading modifiable risk factor for death in the U.S.

A

Tobacco

MOHDIII - Unit 2 (23 decks)

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