ENT Descriptions Flashcards
inflammation of tonsils and rest of pharyngeal mucosa, usually associated with either coryzal type illness or a respiratory tract infection
acute pharyngitis
Main bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis?
beta-haemolytic streptococcus
Abscess that forms in between the tonsil capsule, may be spontaneous or after tonsillitis
peritonsillar abscess
triad of pharyngitis, fever and cervical lymphadenopathy
glandular fever
Infectious mononucleosis
triad of pharyngitis, fever and cervical lymphadenopathy but also including lypmhocytosis with atypical lymphocytes
What causes 90% of Infectious mononucleosis?
EBV
Spread of infection from tonsil or quinsy through superior constrictor muscle of pharynx
parapharyngeal space
Tends to occur in children following suppuration of retropharyngeal lymph node after bacterial or viral sore throat
retropharyngeal abscess
Thrush of the mouth and pharynx, causing sore throat
oral candida
usually caused by Haem influenzae type B, incidence peaks at ages 3, 7 and during adulthood
epiglottitis
Now uncommon condition resulting from group A strep infection
scarlet fever
Rare in UK due in immunisations, caused by Corynebacterium diptheriae, can affect multiple body sytems
diptheria
Drugs such as what can cause neutropenia which predisposes patients to pharyngeal ulceration and oropharyngeal infections
carbimazole and sulfalazine
Patients with allergic rhinitis are sensitized to specific allergens and have what antibodies for relevant allergens
IgE
Vasomotor rhinitis or nasal polyps
non-allergic rhinitis
Is acute infective rhinotsinusitis viral or bacterial?
98% are viral
Collection of blood between perichondrium and septal cartilage
septal haematoma
Infection or paranasal sinuses which can be bacterial or funfal
sinusitis
Which bacteria mainly cause sinusitis?
strep pneumonia/haem influenza
progressive, usually bilateral sensorineural hearing loss in elderly
prebycusis
Loss of cochlear outer hair cells, ganglion cell loss in vestibulocochlear nerve fibres and atrophy of the striae
prebycusis
benign subarachnoid tumours that cause problems with local pressure
acoustic neuroma/vestibular schwannoma
Inflammation of middle ear with accumulation of fluid, peak age is 3 years
OME
What should you suspect in adults with OME?
post nasal space tumour
fundamental probelm is with dysfunction of Eustachian tubes
OME
Is OME commoner in boys or girls?
boys
What other factors make OME more common?
winter time, Down’s syndrome, primary ciliary dyskinesia
children of smokers
Most common bacterial causes of AOM?
strep pneumonia, haem influenze, strep pyogenes
often a URI infoving middle ear by extension of infection up the eustachian tube
AOM
Active squamous chronic otitis media
cholesteatoma
Is cholesteatoma a tumour?
no
What predisposes to TMJ dysfunction?
teeth grinding and stress
Depression
Ehlers Danlos
Middle ear pressure cannot be equalized during descent in aircraft or diving, causing damage
barotrauma
inflammation of outer ear canal
otitis externa
Bacterial causes of otitis externa?
staph aureus, proteus spp, pseudomonas aerg
Fungal causes of otitis externa?
aspergillus niger, candida albicans
Associated with vestibular portion of vestibulocochlear nerve, occurs within temporal bone and represents 80-90% of cerebellopontine angle tumours
vestibular schwannoma
Commonest cause of vertigo on looking up
BPPV
Caused by otoliths breaking off from vestibule of labyrinth and getting into semicircular canal
BPPV
Floppy tissue above vocal cord falls into airway when a child breathes in
present at birth
Laryngomalcia
shearing force to auricle leads to separation of anterior perichondrium for the underlying cartilage
tearing of blood vessels
pinna haematoma
bony hypertrophy from cold exposure
extoses
secreted in outer 3rd of canal
wax
Common in patients under 5 and adults with learning difficulties, causes a lot of inflammation
foreign bodies in ear
80% of temporal bone fractures
longitudinal
Can cross the internal acousitc meatus causing damage to the auditory and facial nerves
transverse temporal fracture
80% of temporal bone fractures
longitudinal temporal fracture
Can cross the internal acousitc meatus causing damage to the auditory and facial nerves
transverse temporal fracture
often associated with non allergic asthma
nasal polyps
autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance
otosclerosis
vascular spongy bone replaces normaly bone or otic capsule, particularly around oval windoq
otosclerosis
What are symptoms of otosclerosis made worse by?
pregnancy, menstruation, menopause
