ENT Flashcards
On an audiogram, which symbol represents bone conduction in the right ear?
[ or
On an audiogram, which symbol represents bone conduction in the left ear?
] or >
On an audiogram, which symbol represents air conduction in the left ear?
X
On an audiogram, which symbol represents air conduction in the right ear?
O
What level of hearing loss is considered ‘normal’?
Up to 20 decibels
Air-bone gap suggests…
Conductive hearing loss
Reduced air and bone conduction with no gap suggests…
SNHL
Dip at 2kHz on audiometry is…
Carhart’s notch → otosclerosis
Dip at 4kHz on audiogram suggests…
Noise-induced hearing loss
Better hearing at very low and high frequencies with drop in mid-freq suggests…
cookie bite → congenital deafness
A flat typanogram may be caused by…
OM /OME /Perforation
A negative pressure typanogram may be caused by…
Eustachian tube dysfunction
How is sudden-onset SNHL managed?
Referral to ENT and high dose corticosteroids
Give examples of medications which may cause tinnitus.
Aspirin/NSAIDs
Aminoglycosides
Loop diuretics
Quinine
hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus suggests…
Meniere’s disease
From which area is epistaxis most likely to originate?
Kiesselbach’s area in anterior septum of the nose
Child with soft, fluctuant, mobile mass in anterior triangle. Cholesterol crystals in extracted fluid suggests…
Branchial cyst
Which antibiotics are recommended for bacterial tonsillitis?
- Phenoxymethypenicillin
2. Clarithromycin
Give causes of hoarseness.
Reflux Over-use Neurological Lung cancer Laryngeal cancer Infection Vocal chord nodule Thyroid mass
What is the most common presentation of laryngeal cancer?
Hoarseness
How should patients with unexplained hoarseness be managed?
Urgent ENT referral
Explain the ladder of management for epistaxis.
External pressure + ice Silver nitrate cautery Nasal packing Ligation of sphenopalatine artery Ligation of external carotid Embolisation
Which vessels anastomose in Keisselbach’s plexus?
Greater palatine, sphenopalatine, anterior & posterior ethmoidal and superior labial branch of facial a
Which type of hypersensitivity is involved in allergic rhinitis?
Type I
During acute EBV infection, would anti-IgM and IgG be raised?
IgM would be but IgG would not (peaks later)
How should chronic sinusitis be treated?
Intra-nasal steroids
What are the main areas to comment on in otoscopy?
Colour Shape Light reflex Perforation Scarring
What colour should a healthy tympanic membrane be?
Pearly grey & translucent
Bulging of the tympanic membrane suggests…
OME/Acute Otitis Media
Retraction of the TM suggests…
Eustachian tube dysfunction
Where is the light reflex usually seen on otoscopy?
L ear - 7-8 o’clock
R ear - 4-5 o’clock
Absence or distortion of the TM is associated with…
Otitis media
