ENGLISH LESSON Flashcards
gives meaning of words in a specific field best understood by people who specialize in that area.
Technical definition
provides measurable criteria that specify when the data or observation qualifies. It is used to determine the nature of an item or phenomenon and its properties.
Operational definition
is a genre of writing that requires investigating a topic; collecting and evaluating evidence; and establishing a position on the topic in a concise manner.
Argumentative essay
presents the main idea of your essay and helps control the ideas within it.
thesis statement
• An effective thesis statement is an important foundation argumentative essay. The reader needs to know exactly what the argument is and why is it important to avoid confusion.
Clear, firm and
debatable
• Background information is needed so that the reader will understand the argument you are trying to make.
necessary background information on the topic
• An _____ involves multiple reasons and evidence to support an argument or counterargument.
Organization and transitions (argumentative essay)
Most argumentative essays require research to back the arguments made. Make sure to perform a significant amount of research before fully writing about a topic. Only credible sources should be used in your essay.
Effective and thorough research.
is a term that refers to the use of logic in a debate. In a argumentative essay, the SAME LOGIC should appear throughout the essay effectively convince the reader.
Logos
Is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument
fallacy
is the use of emotion. In an argumentative essay getting the reader emotionally involved in the argument makes him open to further persuasion.
Pathos
can be effectively used in the introduction
Pathos
is the use of credibility. This can he used by addressing counter arguments and using credible sources.
Ethos
Taking a reasonable stand on the issue will also add more credibility to an argumentative essay.
Ethos
An _____ is a natural method of delivering a prepared speech. The speaker is given the topic in advance and given time to research and rehearse, but the speech is delivered without NOTESor text.
extemporaneous speech
When delivering an _____, you should know the material, which should be based on research and original analysis.
extemporaneous speech
Speak conversationally as an _______ is not designed to be memorized and rehearsed but to be short and
analytical.
extemporaneous speech
• It catches listener’s attention and introduces the theme.
INTRODUCTION
• It answers questions and gives analysis.
BODY
• It summarizes briefly the points, restate questions, and provide answers.
CONCLUSION
. Your aura must be one of the complete confidence and command of the situation.
Exude confidence
. Graceful walk, relaxed fingers, chin-up, and shoulders back all present a confident and relax view.
RELAX
Avoid words that you don’t normally use in conversation.
Simplicity is the key.
Speak slowly, clearly, and simple but of complete analysis.
Slow down.
. Deliver with
warmth and passion.
Convey passion
10 commandments for effective extemporaneous delivery by?
Martha B. Ebeling
• Clearly stated
• clearly written and explained in the text
EXPLICIT INFORMATION
• ideas that are suggested implied but not stated outright the text
• needs clues to make inference
IMPLICIT
writers main point or position regarding a chosen topic
• also known as central argument or thesis statement
claims
• what the writer tries to prove in the text by providing details, explanations, and other type of evidence.
claims
most important part of the text
• defines the papers direction and scope
claims
• is a sentence that summarizes the most important thing that the writer wants to say as a result of his thinking, reading and writing.
claims
A ____should argumentative be and
debatable.
claim
A ___ should be specific and focused.
claim
A ____ should be interesting and engaging.
claim
It argues whether something is true or not.
claim of facts
claim
in this category must be debatable.
Facts
It is how something is defined. The idea is you argue one thing, even though some people do not consider it to be.
claim of definition
It argues that one thing causes another. Again, it must be debatable.
Claims of Cause and Effect
• It requires you to argue how good or how bad your topic is.
• You are going to want to steer clear of opinion here.
Claims of Value
• Solution claim
• argues how best we could fix a problem
• “Decriminalization of drugs would lower overall drug abuse rates.
Claims of Policy
• is the extent to which a concept, conclusion, or measurement is well-founded and likely corresponds accurately to the real world.
VALIDITY
• is to be ensuring that the information is correct and without any mistake
ACCURACY
• is how appropriate something is to what is being done or said at a given time.
RELEVANCE
An _____ is a speech with no preparation yet almost always with some advance knowledge on the topic.
Usually, the speaker is knowledgeable about the subject.
impromptu speech
It is a reading technique in which a text is quickly read to find specific information.
Scanning
We scan for information when we
want to look up a word in a dictionary, find a phone number in a directory, or look up prices in catalog.
Scanning
It is reading rapidly in order to get a general overview of the material. It tells you what general information is within a section.
SKIMMING
.
1. State the specific information you are looking
scanning for information
It is reading rapidly in order to get a general overview of the material. It tells you what general information is within a section.
SKIMMING
Wherearing a long argument, start by skimming the first couple paragraph (and last paragraph if necessary) to figure out what the author is trying to persuade you to believe or do so.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN claim
There may be more than one claim in a long argument so find the most important claim.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN CLAIM
• attempts to persuade you to approve or disapprove of something
Value Claims
When trying to find ____, look for terms like:
beautiful/ valuable / interesting
good/ bad / evil
right wrong
superior / best/ worse
value claims
• Attempt to persuade you and your government to take some action or change a behavior usually to solve problem.
policy claims
When trying to find ___ look for terms like:
should, ought, must
policy claims,
attempt to persuade you that something existed, exists or will exist or about what caused something to exist
factual claims
When trying to find ___\, terms do not help much, but you could look for:
time related terms such as in the past or in the future
factual claims
When trying to find ___, terms do not help much, but you could look for:
causal terms such as leads to, improves, destroys or is caused by.
factual claims
