England 3.1 Land and Trade Flashcards
What was Mercantilism? (RE 3.1)
The idea that:
-Countries competed for a fixed amount of global trade, and could only be more wealthy if they exported more than they imported.
What did the Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663 do? (RE 3.1)
- 1660: Exotic groceries imported had to be taken in English ships. Colonial goods destined for Europe had to be shipped through English ports.
- 1663: European traders must use English ports to trade with America.
What was the purpose of the Hudson Bay Company? How did it make its profits? (RE 3.1)
- Established 1670, had a monopoly over fur supply. (Especially beaver).
- Paid hunters and traded English goods with indigenous people to acquire fur, making huge profits.
Why was Bombay given to the East India Company? (RE 3.1)
- Given, in exchange for a £50,000 loan to the king, in 1668.
- Charles needed a port in East India as well as money, as the Dutch were forcing them out of trade.
What did Bombay trade in? (RE 3.1)
- Traded in saltpetre (used in food preservation and gunpowder),
- Also traded in diamonds, cotton, pepper, dyes, and exotic groceries.
- Handled silk, tea and porcelain from China.
What did Gerald Aungier, Bombay’s governor, change in Bombay? How much of a success was Bombay? (RE 3.1)
- Set up a government, coin mint, hospitals, fortifications and a dockyard.
- Population rose 50,000.
- Imports doubled and exports quadrupled from 1663 to 1699.
What issues did Tangier face initially? (RE 3.1)
- 600 civilians needed 4000 soldiers to defend them from Moroccans.
- Constant sniper and musket fire.
- Harassment by Dutch pirates and warships toward merchants.
What issues did the English face with Tangier? When was it evacuated and abandoned? (RE 3.1)
- Costed £75,000 a year by 1676.
- Soldiers lived in cramped barracks with poor food. (Oats and biscuits).
- Mosquito bites, unclean water and rubbish piling in narrow streets.
- Hotbed of Catholicism during the exclusion crisis.
- Evacuation ordered in 1683, completed 1684.
How did Charles get and handle the Jamaican Island? (RE 3.1)
- Captured by Cromwell in the Interregnum, from the Spanish.
- Charles could not afford to send the navy so Jamaica issued Letters of Marque to privateers.
Who was Henry Morgan? How successful was he? Why was he trialled? (RE 3.1)
- A privateer.
- Puerto Principe, Cuba, gained 50,000 pieces of eight.
- Porto Bello, Panama, gained 100,000 pieces of eight between 400 men.
- Never heard of 1670 Treaty of Madrid and continued attacking Spain, so was summoned for trials, but released when relations soured again.
What did plantations in the Caribbean make? What did most plantations switch to, why? (RE 3.1)
- Cacao, coffee, tobacco, rice and sugar.
- Most switched to sugar, as tobacco and cotton prices fell.
- The syrupy by-product, molasses, was used to make rum.
- Some owners, like Thomas Modyford, became extremely wealthy.
What jobs did growing sugar require? How many slaves were in the Caribbean and Jamaica by 1680? (RE 3.1)
- Required land clearing, spreading and digging in of manure, sowing and weeding, and cutting at harvest time.
- 1680: 65,000 slaves in the Caribbean, of which 40,000 are in Jamaica.
In the triangular trade, what goods were transported between America, Africa, Britain? What towns became wealthy due to the slave trade? (RE 3.1)
- Slaves from Africa to America and the Caribbean.
- Raw Materials from America to Europe.
- Manufactured goods from Europe to Africa.
- Bristol and Liverpool.
