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AJ T8-8 > Engines > Flashcards

Engines Flashcards

1
Q

Engines

What are the primary engine indications ?

A

N1

EGT

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2
Q

Engines

Engine vibration indication :
What is the meaning of “BB” as vibration source ?

A

BB ➝ Broad Band

The source is unknown and average vibration is displayed.

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3
Q

Engines

What is the controlling parameter used by the EECs (Electronic Engine Control) ?

A

N1 RPM

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4
Q

Engines

What normally powers the EECs (Electronic Engine Control) ?

A

A Permanent Magnet Alternator (PMA) driven by the engine gearbox. (2 in total : 1 per engine)
During engine start or if the PMA is unavailable, EEC power is supplied by the airplane (115 VAC power).

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5
Q

Engines

In normal mode, the EECs (Electronic Engine Control) continuously compute maximum N1.
What is Maximum N1 ?

A

Maximum rated thrust available from the engine based on air temperature and pressure altitude.

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6
Q

Engines

In alternate mode, how do the EECs (Electronic Engine Control) schedule N1 ?

A

As a function of thrust lever position.
Therefore, in alternate mode, advancing the thrust levers full forward may result in overboost.
IN ALTERNATE MODE THRUST LEVERS SHOULD NEVER BE FULL FORWARD EXCEPT IN AN EMERGENCY WHERE TERRAIN CONTACT IS IMMINENT.

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7
Q

Engines

Which alternate modes do the EECs (Electronic Engine Control) have ?

A
  • Soft ➝ automatic switch by the EECs

* Hard ➝ manual switch by the crew on the EEC overhead panel.

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8
Q

Engines

What is TAP ?

A

TAP ➝ Thrust Asymmetry Protection

It’s an automatic feature that provides protection against asymmetric thrust during takeoff or go-around by limiting thrust on the higher thrust engine.

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9
Q

Engines

Does TAP (Thrust Asymmetry Protection) affect certified takeoff performance ?

A

NO
For airspeeds where TAP does limit thrust, climb gradient is higher than it would be without it.
This is because additional thrust asymmetry creates more drag then the thrust that it ads.

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10
Q

Engines

Is TAP (Thrust Asymmetry Protection) available in all EEC modes ?

A

YES (EECs in NORMAL or ALTN mode), but the Flight Controls need to be in normal mode.

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11
Q

Engines

How do the EECs increase engine stall margin during engine acceleration ?

A

By commanding fuel operated Transient Bleed Valves (TBVs) to open, based on N2 rotor speed.

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12
Q

Engines

What consequence does a failure of the TBV in the open position have on the reverser ?

A

To protect the structural integrity of the reversers from hot gases :
• if the TBV fails open PRIOR to thrust reverser deployment, the associated thrust reverser is inhibited.
• if the failure occurs while the thrust reverser is deployed, it is limited to IDLE.

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13
Q

Engines

When do the EECs command Approach Idle ?

A
  • Flaps are commanded 25° or greater or,

* Landing gear is down.

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14
Q

Engines

When do the EECs command Icing Idle ?

A

When Engine Anti-ice is on.

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15
Q

Engines

Is there a limit to the number of starts the EEC will attempt per start sequence ?

A

On the ground ➝ YES : 3 start attempts.
In flight ➝ No limit.

Therefore, Autostart WILL NOT abort a start in flight.

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16
Q

Engines

Is there an operating limitation for the engine oil quantity ?

A

NO, therefore, there are no flight crew procedures based solely on a response to low oil quantity.

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17
Q

Engines

Is there a certified vibration limit ?

A

NO, therefore, there are no specific flight crew actions based solely on vibration indication.

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18
Q

Engines

What is the Amber line on the N1 indication ?

A

The maximum N1.

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19
Q

Engines

What alternate source of power can be used to start the right engine if the APU is inoperative ?

A

FWD external power.
Some load sheds will occur (as always during engine start).
If all 3 GPUs are connected, starting the R engine first will reduce load shed (but it will not speed up the start).

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20
Q

Engines

What does the Amber REV indicate ?

A

The thrust reverser is in-transit.

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21
Q

Engines

Do Auto-throttles remain connected in the SOFT or HARD alternate EEC modes ?

A

YES

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22
Q

Engines

How is thrust scheduled in the HARD alternate EEC mode ?

A

As a function of Thrust Lever Position, according to a preprogrammed thrust schedule.
Therefore, there might be an immediate change of thrust depending on TLP when ALTN is manually selected on the overhead panel (but never a decrease).

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23
Q

Engines

If the APU is not available, which power source is needed for Engine Start ?

A

At least the 2 FWD GPUs.
Some load sheds will occur (as always during engine start).
If all 3 GPUs are connected, starting the R engine first will reduce load shed (but not engine start time).

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24
Q

Engines

On the ground with no APU, how many Starter/Generators are used for the first engine start ?

A

Only one.
Some load sheds will occur (as always during engine start).
If all 3 GPUs are connected, starting the R engine first will reduce load shed.

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25
Q

Engines

What is the primary means of cooling engine oil ?

A

Fuel/Oil Heat exchanger.

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26
Q

Engines

What powers REV extension ?

A

Hydraulics:
L for left REVERSER
R for right REVERSER

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27
Q

Engines

What would cause the autostart system to abort the start of an engine ?

A
  • Loss of both starters,
  • No N1 rotation,
  • No oil pressure rise.
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28
Q

Engines

When is X-START displayed in magenta under N2 on the EICAS ?

A

When current altitude and/or airspeed are outside the windmilling start envelope.
Starter assist is recommended for an in-flight start.

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29
Q

Engines

How long is the RUNNING message displayed on EICAS for at the end of engine start ?

A

30 seconds.

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30
Q

Engines

Is simultaneous engine start always allowed on the ground?

A

No, only when the APU is running and both APU starter/generators are operational.

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31
Q

Engines

What thrust do the GE engines deliver ?

A

74 500 lbs / 33,8 T each

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32
Q

Which engine parameters are permanently displayed on the EICAS?

A

TPR, N1, EGT

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33
Q

a. Where is the reverser position indication displayed?b. What does amber REV indicate?c. What does green REV indicate?

A

a. Above the TPR Indicationsb. Reverser in transitc. Reverser fully deployed

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34
Q

What does the TPR instrument amber line represent?

A

Maximum TPR

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35
Q

What does the red line on the N1 instrument represent?

A

N1 RPM operating limit

36
Q

When does the EGT Start Limit Line appear on the EGT indications?

A

• Engine fire switch is in + FUEL CONTROL switch CUTOFFor • N2 RPM below idle

37
Q

Which parameters are displayed on the secondary engine indications?

A

N2 RPMN3 RPMfuel flow (FF)Oil pressureOil temperatureOil quantityVibration.

38
Q

During engine start, when does the green RUNNING indication above the N2 gauge disappear?

A

30 seconds after the engine reaches idle.

39
Q

What causes the automatic display of the secondary engine indications?

A

• When the displays initially receive electrical power• FUEL CONTROL switch is moved to CUTOFF in flight• An engine fire switch is pulled in flight• A secondary engine parameter is exceeded• Engine N2 RPM is below idle in flight• A start selector is in the START position• FUEL FLOW ENG L/R Advisory is shown

40
Q

What colour are the normal operating ranges displayed on either an engine dial or vertical indication?

A

White

41
Q

What colour do the oil temperature and pressure indications turn to when the caution range is reached?

A

Amber

42
Q

a. What indications are given if an N1, N2, EGT, oil temperature or oil pressure operating limit is exceeded?b. When are these indications removed?c. What remains on the N1, N2, (N3) and EGT displays?

A

a. The digital readout, dial, box, and pointer change colour to red for that indication.b. When it returns to the normal operating range.c. The box enclosing the digital readout remains red.

43
Q

Does the TPR indication change colour if the maximum TPR is reached?

A

No.

44
Q

a. When are the EGT indications inhibited from changing to amber?b. Is the red maximum takeoff limit also inhibited?

A

a. For 5 minutes during takeoff or go-around (10 minutes for single- engine operation).b. No.

45
Q

a. When the EEC is in Normal mode, which parameter is used to control engine thrust?b. Which parameter is used if the EEC is in Alternate mode?

A

a. TPRb. N1

46
Q

If the EEC reverts to the Soft Alternate mode, does the autothrottle disengage?

A

No.

47
Q

If EEC Hard Alternate mode is selected by the crew: -a. What is then displayed on the N1 indication?b. Could engine thrust increase?c. What protection is no longer available?

A

a. Reference and target N1, and maximum and commanded N1 values are displayedb. The alternate mode schedule (N1 schedule) provides equal or greater thrust than the normal mode for the same thrust lever position.c. Thrust protection is not provided in the alternate mode and maximum rated thrust is reached at a thrust lever position less than full forward.

48
Q

What other protections do the EECs provide?

A

N1 and N2 overspeed protection(N3 is indirectly protected by the N1 and N2 protection).

49
Q

a. If overspeed protection fails, what do the EECs command the engine to do?b. What EICAS caution message displays in this situation?

A

a. The EEC commands fuel shut off to shutdown the engine.b. ENG FAIL (L or R).

50
Q

a. What protection does Thrust Control Malfunction Accommodation provide?b. When would the EEC shutdown the affected engine?

A

a. Protection against idle thrust asymmetry conditions while on the ground.b. • Airplane is on the ground, and• Thrust lever is at idle, and• Engine is above idle speed and not decelerating normally

51
Q

What protection does Thrust Asymmetry Protection (TAP) provide?

A

Protection against asymmetric thrust during takeoff or go-around by limiting thrust on the higher thrust engine.

52
Q

Is climb performance still maintained when TAP is in effect?

A

Yes.

53
Q

Is TAP available in both EEC modes?

A

Yes.

54
Q

In flight, when do the EECs set: -a. Approach idle?b. Icing idle?

A

a. • The flaps are commanded to 25 or greater, or• the landing gear is selected DOWN.b. Engine anti-ice on.

55
Q

Can the engines be started manually?

A

No.

56
Q

What actions will open the spar fuel valve?

A

Moving the Start selector to START or the Fuel Control switch to RUN.

57
Q

When is simultaneous engine start allowed?

A

When the APU is running and both APU starter generators are operational.

58
Q

On the ground, how many start attempts will the Autostart system make for each start sequence?

A

Two.

59
Q

For what conditions will Autostart not make a second attempt?

A

• Loss of both starters.• No N1 rotation.

60
Q

a. How many autostart attempts are made for an inflight start?b. When would these attempts end?

A

a. Autostart makes continuous start attempts.b. Until the engine either starts or the pilot aborts the start attempt by positioning the FUEL CONTROL switch to CUTOFF (and positioning the START switch to NORM if it was a starter assisted attempt).

61
Q

a. Where is the inflight start envelope shown if an engine is not running in flight?b. What further display is provided if the airspeed is below that required for a windmilling start?

A

a. EICAS display.b. X-START is displayed below the N2 indication.

62
Q

How many ignitors are used during an in-flight start?

A

Two.

63
Q

When does the auto-relight function activate?

A

• Flameout is detectedor • An engine is at or below idle with the Fuel Control switch in RUN.

64
Q

Is there a minimum oil quantity limit?

A

There are no operating limitations for the engine oil quantity.

65
Q

What are the indications of low engine oil quantity?

A

Automatic display of the secondary engine display and reverses the display indication to show black numbers on a white background.

66
Q

How are the thrust reversers actuated?

A

Hydraulically.

67
Q

Can the thrust reversers be selected in flight?

A

No.

68
Q

Can reverse thrust be selected if the thrust lever is away from idle?

A

No.

69
Q

What do the following EICAS alerts indicate:a. ENG REV LIMITED (L or R)b. ENG REVERSER (LorR)c. ENG REV AIR/GNDd. ENG REV COMMANDED (LorR)

A

a. The reverser cannot deploy when commanded, or can deploy only with reverse thrust limited to idle.b. Reverser system fault.c.. The air/ground logic that prevents in-flight thrust reverser deployment has failed.d. A reverse thrust lever is not in the down position in flight

70
Q

Where is the vibration indication displayed?

A

The secondary engine display.

71
Q

What does the display indicate?

A

The highest vibration level from the N1, N2, N3 rotors or BB (broadband)

72
Q

What are the indications for high engine vibration?

A

The secondary engine parameters are automatically displayed and the digital vibration readout is displayed in reverse (black digits on white background).

73
Q

a. What alert is displayed on the HUD and PFD if actual thrust is less than commanded thrust during take-off?b. What other indications are there?c. What is the airspeed range that this alert is active?

A

a. ENG FAIL (red on the PFD, green on the HUD)b. Voice annunciation “Engine Fail,” and the Master WARNING lights illuminate.c. Between 65 knots and 6 knots prior to V1.

74
Q

What conditions would trigger the EICAS caution alert ENG THRUST?

A

•The engine is producing less/more than commanded thrust, and actual thrust is not satisfactorily increasing/decreasing towards the commanded thrust,• and, the current airspeed is greater than 6knots prior to V1

75
Q

What is the maximum altitude the APU can be started and operated?

A

Airplane maximum certified altitude.

76
Q

What does the APU supply?

A

Electrical power.

77
Q

During APU start: -a. What does the Main battery power?b. What does the APU battery power?

A

a. APU fuel spar valve, DC fuel pump, fire detection system.b. APU controller, air inlet door and right starter if required.

78
Q

With no AC power available, what is the source for the APU fuel?

A

DC fuel pump in the left main tank.

79
Q

Once AC power is available, which pump supplies fuel to the APU?

A

Left aft fuel pump.

80
Q

a. Can the APU be started with no fuel pumps operating? b. If so, when?

A

a. Yes.b. On the ground or in-flight up to 14,000ft.

81
Q

What indication is given when the APU is running?

A

EICAS memo message APU RUNNING.

82
Q

If the APU fails to start: -a. What happens to the APU?b. What indication is given?

A

a. The APU shuts down automatically.b. EICAS advisory message APU SHUTDOWN displays.

83
Q

a. How many consecutive start attempts can the APU battery make?b. How long is the cooling period before another start attempt can be made?

A

a. Two.b. Five minutes.

84
Q

When would the APU start automatically?

A

In flight, if three or more engine generators go offline.

85
Q

When is the APU in attended mode?

A

When either engine is starting or running, or when the airplane is in flight.

86
Q

What indication is given when the APU is in attended mode and it continues to run after a fault has occurred?

A

EICAS caution message APU LIMIT displays.

AJ T8-8 (27 decks)

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