Energy, metabolism, and balance

Question 1

ABW

Answer 1

actual body weight

Question 2

BEE

Answer 2

basal energy expenditure

Question 3

BMI

Answer 3

body mass index

Question 4

IBW

Answer 4

ideal body weight

Question 5

PAL

Answer 5

physical activity level

Question 6

PEM

Answer 6

protein energy malnutrition

Question 7

REE

Answer 7

resting energy expenditure

Question 8

TEE

Answer 8

total energy expenditure

Question 9

TEF

Answer 9

thermal effect of food

Question 10

WC

Answer 10

waist circumference

Question 11

Ideal body weight

Answer 11

Devine Formula - kg, height over 60 inches
Men: 50 + 2.3
Women: 45.5 + 2.3

Question 12

BMI calculation

Answer 12

Kg/m^2
body weight kg/height in m^2
does not take into account where weight is coming from

Question 13

BMI classifications

Answer 13

Underweight: less than 18.5
Normal: 18.5-24.9
Overweight: 25.0-29.9
Obese I: 30.0-34.9
Obese II: 35.0-39.9
Extremely obese: greater than 40.0

Question 14

Relevance of waist circumference

Answer 14

it matters where you carry fat

central obesity is higher risk

Question 15

WC risk categories

Answer 15

greater than 35 inches (89cm) for women

greater than 40 inches (102 cm) for men

Question 16

How to measure body fat percentage

Answer 16

calipers - not accurate
hydrostatic weighing - expensive
air displacement - expensive
biometric impedance 
DEXA scan - not usually used

Question 17

Body fat percentages - women

Answer 17

essential fat: 10-12%

athletes: 14-20%
fit: 21-24%
acceptable: 25-31%
obese: greater than 32%

Question 18

Body fat percentages - men

Answer 18

essential fat: 2-4%

athletes: 6-13%
fit: 14-17%
acceptable: 18-25%
obese: greater than 26%

Question 19

caloric content of nutrients

Answer 19

carbs: 4.1 cal/g
protein: 4.1 cal/g
lipids: 9.3 cal/g
alcohol: 7 cal/g

Question 20

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 20

energy expenditure at rest
dependent on age, gender, weight
Also called: basal energy expenditure (BEE) and resting energy expenditure (REE)

Question 21

How to measure BMR

Answer 21

Harris-Benedict equation

Question 22

BMR measure in men

Answer 22

66.47 + 13.75(wt in kg) + 5.003(ht in cm) - 6.755(age)

Question 23

BMR measure in women

Answer 23

655.1 + 9.563(wt in kg) + 1.850(ht in cm) - 4.676(age)

Question 24

Total energy expenditure (TEE)

Answer 24

TEE = BEE + TEF + PAL

basal energy expenditure + thermal effect of food + physical activity level

Question 25

Thermal effect of food

Answer 25

TEF = calories consumed/day * 0.1

Question 26

Negative energy balance

Answer 26

lose weight

Question 27

positive energy balance

Answer 27

gain weight

Question 28

Malnutrition

Answer 28

resulting from too much or too little of one or more nutrients

Question 29

over-nutrition

Answer 29

resulting from intake of nutrients beyond caloric need for energy expenditure

Question 30

undernutrition

Answer 30

resulting from a deficiency of one or more nutrients

Question 31

causes of under nutrition

Answer 31

environment economics medical conditions: eating disorders, alcoholism, inapropriate nutrient use by body, trauma, surgery, burns

Question 32

Severe undernutrition

Answer 32

marasmus kwashiorkor cachexia

Question 33

marasmus

Answer 33

extreme emaciation resulting from a long-term negative energy balance

Question 34

kwashiokor

Answer 34

triggered by oxidant stress resulting from the body's reaction to infection in the setting of starvation; characterized by edema and fatty liver

Question 35

cachexia

Answer 35

undernourishment in the setting of HIV/AIDS, cancer, or other severe chronic condition

Question 36

Marasmus presentation

Answer 36

general wasting, baggy skin appearance, alert but irritable, HUNGRY, stunted growth

Question 37

Kwashiorkor presentation

Answer 37

reduced muscle tissue, pitting edema, distended abdomen, enlarged liver, skin changes, lethargic and irritable, NOT HUNGRY

Question 38

cachexia presentation

Answer 38

similar to marasmus -> more loss of protein tissue, triggered by illness, higher breakdown of protein -> not seen in other two presentations

Question 39

aggravating factors contributing to obesity epidemic

Answer 39

``` technology abundance of food less physical activity -> shifting economy socioeconomic status genetics ```