Energy and Metabolism Flashcards
Describe phosphorylation.
A phosphate group is transferred to a molecule or an ion by DEHYDRATION reaction.
Describe dephosphorylation.
REMOVAL of a phsphate group from a molecule or an ion by HYDROLYSIS reaction.
Define metabolism.
All the chemical reactions that transpire inside cells.
Define metabolic pathway.
A series of biochemical reactions that convert one or more substrates into a final product.
Define substrate
The reactants that will turn into a product. The ingredients.
What are two metabolic pathways?
Anabolic and catabolic; catalyzed by multiple enzymes
What is anabolic pathway?
USES ENERGY to take small moleucle and assemble them into LARGER ONES; MAKES SOMETHING; DEHYDRATION; ENDERGONIC.
What is catabolic pathway?
Spontaneous. Does not require energy. BREAKS DOWN large molecules into smaller ones. ENERGY IS RELEASED; EXERGONIC; HYDROLYSIS
What is activation energy?
Ea. Energy required to get a reaction to it’s transition state.
Enthalpy
Total energy required to break a bond.
Entropy
Measure of disorder of energy.
What is an enzyme?
A protein that regulates the rate of chemical reactions without itself being altered in the process.
What is a catalyst?
Helps lower the activation energy needed in chemical reactions.
What are the parts of an enzyme?
Active site; binding site; catalytic site
What is the active site of an enzyme?
Where the substrate binds to the enzyme. Very specific to specific substrates.
What is an enzyme inhibitor?
Competitive or non-competitive; keeps the enzyme from doing it’s job. This can be a good thing (too much ATP) or a bad thing (not enough ATP).
What are two types of enzyme inhibitors?
Competitive and non-competitive
What is a competitive inhibitor?
Similar in shape and size to substrate, it binds to the active site so the correct substrate cannot.
What is a non-competitive inhibitor?
Binds to an allosteric site on an enzyme and changes the enzymes shape; substrate can no longer bind to the enzyme.
What is an allosteric site on an enzyme?
A part of the enzyme where the enzyme may be inhibited or stimulated. Built into primary structure.
What is a helper molecule?
Non-protein ions or compounds that help enzymes. Cofactors and coenzymes.
