energy and ATP Flashcards
what is energy?
the ability to do work which in biology, is the ability to cause some kind of change
what do we need energy for? 6 examples
metabolism, movement, active transport, maintenance repair and division of cells, production of substances and maintenance of body temperature
what process do plants and animal cells release energy through?
respiration
how do cells get energy from glucose?
glucose is converted into ATP
what is ATP made up of?
adenine (a base) ribose (pentose sugar) and 3 phosphate groups
what does ATP stand for?
adenosine tri phosphate
why is ATP a source of energy? (bonding)
due to the energy that is stored in the unstable bonds between P bonds
what joins the phosphate groups in ATP?
high energy bonds
what are 3 advantages of ATP?
- releases energy in small amounts as needed, good energy donor
- mobile and soluble, transports chemical energy to where its needed in the cell
- can be used to phosphorylate other substances
what are 3 disadvantages of ATP?
- not a long term store of energy
- can’t be stored so must be used immediately
- releases less energy than glucose and only in small amounts
what is ATP broken down into?
adenosine diphosphate and Pi, inorganic phosphate
what reaction breaks down ATP?
hydrolysis
what happens in the hydrolysis of ATP?
a phosphate bond is broken and energy is released
what catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP?
ATP hydrolase
what is the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP?
ATP + H2O —ATP HYDROLASE—> ADP + Pi
what reaction resynthesises ADP?
condensation reaction between ADP and Pi
when does the condensation of ADP occur?
respiration and photosynthesis
what catalyses the condensation of ADP?
ATP synthase
what is the equation for the condensation of ADP?
ADP + Pi —ATP SYNTHASE—> ATP + H2O
what are the 3 ways in which ATP can be reformed from ADP and Pi?
photo phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation
substrate level phosphorylation
where does photo phosphorylation occur?
occurs in the chlorophyll during photosynthesis
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur
occurs in the mitochondria during the electron transport chain (part of respiration)
where does substrate level phosphorylation occur
when phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules to ADP
how is ATP is resynthesised in cells?
ADP and Pi join by condensation in the presence of ATP synthase during respiration
