Energy Flashcards

1
Q

Electrophysical agent

A
  • Form of therapy used in rehab that produces a change in soft tissue through light, water, temp, sound, or electricity
  • these include transcutaneous electrical nerve stim (TENS), ultrasound, whirlpool, hot and cold packs, and other modalities
  • application and removal of energy from biological tissue in order to stimulate that tissue to perform its normal function
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2
Q

Energy

A
  • The capacity of a system for doing work or its equivalent in the strict physical sense
  • energy is manifested in various forms: motion (kinetic), potential, light, heat, ionizing radiation, and sound
  • neither created nor destroyed
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3
Q

Radient energy

A
  • Process by which energy of various forms travels through space
  • all substances with temps above absolute zero (-273 degrees Celcius) emit radiant energy
  • occurs when sufficient electrical or chemical force is applied to an object
  • explained by combo of 2 theories
  • quantum theory
  • electromagnetic wave theory
  • thought of as a packet or particles of energy carried along by propagating waves
  • constant velocity
  • radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light waves, ultraviolet waves, x-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays
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4
Q

Quantum theory

A
  • pocket of energy-photon
  • produced by high velocity electronic or molecular motion or transformed kinetic energy released when molecules collide
  • E (quantum)= H (planck’s constant) X f (frequency)
  • the higher the frequency the higher the photon energy> potentially destructive
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5
Q

Electromagnetic wave theory

A
  • Energy is tranmitted by oscillatory motion i the form of electromagnetic waves
  • composed of electric and magnetic fields that vary over time and are oriented perpendicular to each other> electromagnetic wave
  • can propagate without the need of a medium (travel through vacuum)
  • velocity= wavelength X frequency
  • the shorter the wavelength the higher the frequency
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6
Q

radient energy: frequency vs energy

A
  • quantum theory states if frequency is low, energy must be low
  • electromagnetic theory states if frequency is low then wavelength is long (high)
  • so, therapeutic modalities at low electromagnetic frequencies have relatively long wavelengths and low amounts of energy , and are safe to apply to human system
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7
Q

radient energy: lower frequency electromagnetic radiation

A
  • ELF waves, short waves, microwaves, IR radiation, visible light, and Ultraviolet A & B radiation
  • nonionizing: can inhibit cell division, break molecular bones and form ions
  • potentially destructive
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8
Q

Laws governing effects of electromagnetic radiation

A
  • Arndt-Schultz
  • law of Grotthus-Draper
  • cosine law
  • inverse square law
  • Bunsen Roscoe law of reciprocity
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9
Q

Arndt-Schultz principle

A

The energy absorbed must be sufficient so as to stimulate the absorbing tissues

  • too much energy absorbed may impair normal function to tissues
  • Examples
    • E-stim for muscle contraction, current intensity must be strong enough to cause depolarization of the nerve
    • Heat to increase tissue elongation. must be intense enough to increase viscoelastic properties of tissue
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10
Q

Law of Grotthus-Draper

A

If energy is not absorbed by the superficial tissue then it will penetrate to deeper tissues
* ex 1MHz US will be more efficient in treating deeper tissues than 3 MHz US

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11
Q

Cosine law

A
  • the max amount of absorption of radiant energy occurs when the source is at right angles to the absorbing surface
  • energy absorbed= energy available X cos
  • more perpendicular to absorbing tissue= more energy absorbed
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12
Q

inverse square law

A

the intensity of radiation striking the surface varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source
- move further away and intensity drops by a square of the distance

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13
Q

Bunsen Roscoe law of reciprocity

A
  • The intensity and duration of the dose of radiant energy are inversely proportional
  • Energy (E)= intensity (I) X time (T)
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14
Q

How do the laws work?`

A

To increase the amount of energy absorbed by the pt (dosage):

  • inc treatment time
  • inc treatment intensity
  • lessen the distance of the source of energy to the pt
  • make the source of energy more perpendicular to the absorbing surface
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15
Q

Electromagnetic modalities

A
  • E-stim
  • biofeedback
  • iontopphoresis
  • short wave and microwave diathermy
  • infrared
  • UV
  • low power laser
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16
Q

Acoustic spectrum

A
  • the range of frequencies and wavelengths of sound waves
  • audible sound: frequencies between 16 and 20 KHz
  • ultrasound-frequencies above 20 KHz
  • therapeutic ranges- .75 and 3.3 MHz
17
Q

Acoustic modalities

A
  • Therapeutic ultrasound
  • phonophoresis
  • US is thought as a mechanical modality
18
Q

Mechanical modalities

A
Mechanical traction
- cervical 
-lumbar
Compression
- external pumps
-Elastic bandages
19
Q

Phys agent categories: Thermal

A
  • Deep heating: diathermy
  • superficial heating: hot pack
  • cooling: ice massage
20
Q

Phys agent categories: mechanical

A
  • Traction: mechanical
  • compression: elastic bandaging
  • water: whirlpool
  • sound: ultrasound
21
Q

Phys agent categories: electromagnetic

A

-Electric currents: interferential

electromagnetic fields: ultraviolet

22
Q

Precautions

A

Relative contraindications

- conditions where a particular phys agent should be applied with care or limits

23
Q

Contraindication

A

absolute

- conditions where the application of phys agent is unsafe or undesireable

24
Q

General contraindications

A
  • Pregnancy
  • malignancy
  • pacemaker
  • impaired sensation
  • impaired mental status