Endocytosis, autophagy, cytoskeleton

Question 1

Coatomer: Clathrin and AP complex:

Answer 1

• AP = Clathrin Adaptor Proteins
• AP/Clathrin-coated vesicles move from TGN to other vesicles (e.g. lysosomes, endosomes, plant vacuoles)
• AP/Clathrin-coated vesicles also helps form

-Endocytic vesicles to move vesicles from
plasma membrane to endosomes or lysosomes.

Question 2

Autophagy

Answer 2

• Refers to the process involving the decomposition of intracellular components via lysosomes.

-Plays an important role in maintaining and regulating cell homeostasis by degrading intracellular components and providing cell degradation products.

• Studies have revealed that autophagy dysfunction is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, tumorigenesis, and many other conditions

Question 3

Degradation of internalized material

Answer 3

i. Recycling of plasma membrane components like receptors and extracellular material

ii. Destroy pathogens like bacteria and viruses—only in phagocytic cells.

Question 4

Pathogens

Answer 4

• Pathogen (e.g., bacteria) is internalized by a specialized cell called phagocytic cell.
• The pathogen is degraded by lysosomes that associate with the pathogen-containing vesicle.
• Hydrolytic enzymes inside lysosomes degrade and kill the pathogen.
• Debris is released outside the cell