Cell diversity and viruses (VIRUSES)

Question 1

Viruses

Answer 1

Macromolecular packages that can function and reproduce only within living cells

Outside of cells, viruses exist as an inanimate particle called a VIRON

Question 2

Viron

Answer 2

Made up from:
- Small amounts of DNA (DNA virus) or RNA (RNA virus) that encodes a few hundred genes
- A protein called a capside

Question 3

Rabies

Answer 3

• Rabies viruses appeared to have evolved within 500 years
• Has enveloped single stranded (ss) RNA genome
  -There are currently 7 genotypes of rabies known
  -The first vaccine treatment for rabbies was created in 1885 but Louis Pasteur and Emile Roux)

Question 4

The RNA genome in rabies encodes what five genes

Answer 4

• Nucleoprotein (N)
• Phosphoprotein (P)
• Matrix protein (M)
• Glycoprotein (G)
• RNA polymerase (L)

Question 5

Zika Virus

Answer 5

• In 2015 - 2016 outbreak of Zika Virus in brazil resulted in a large number of infants being born with microcephaly
• Positive -sense RNA genome -directly translated into viral proteins

-Transmission: primarily through mosquitos but also through sexual contact or blood transfusions

-Infection of adults is often Asymptomatic

Question 6

Microcephaly

Answer 6

• Condition where the head circumference is smaller then normal
• Typically associated with a defect during early brain development

Question 7

Causes of microcephaly

Answer 7

Delayed motor and speech functions, intellectual disability, seizures, facial distortions, hyperactivity, balance and coordination problems and other brain related or neurological problems

Question 8

Bacteriophages attacking bacteria

Answer 8

A way to battle the continuous attacks from bacteriophages bacteria have evolved an immune - like systmem called CRISPR-Cas

Question 9

CRISPR Cas

Answer 9

Family of DNA sequences found in genomes prokaryotic organisms

Question 10

Antiviral defense system in prokaryotes

Answer 10

• Sequences are derived from bacteriophages that have previously infected a prokaryotes
• Prokaryotes uses this to detect and destroy DNA from bacteriophages