Endocrinology of Pregnancy Flashcards by Paul Bienz

Q

5 hormones secreted by the placenta?

A

Chorionic Gonadotropin
Progesterone
Estrogen
Placental Lactogen
Relaxin

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Q

5 things hormones produced by placenta can do

A

Stimulate ovarian function
Maintain pregnancy
Influence fetal growth
Stimulate mammary functions
Assist in parturition

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Q

What does “progesterone block” mean?

A

Progesterone prevents any uterine contraction during pregnancy (myometrial contractions)

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Q

What species is the CL not required for the entire gestation?

A

Ewe
Mare
Woman

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Q

Gestational length in the following species.

Alpaca

A

11.4months

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Q

Gestational length in the following species.

Bitch

A

2months

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Q

Gestational length in the following species.

Camel

A

12.3months

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Q

Gestational length in the following species.

Cow

A

9months

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Q

Gestational length in the following species.

Ewe

A

5months

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Q

Gestational length in the following species.

Goat

A

5months

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Q

Gestational length in the following species.

Llama

A

11.3 months

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Q

Gestational length in the following species.

Mare

A

11months

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Q

Gestational length in the following species.

Queen

A

2months

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Q

Gestational length in the following species.

Rabbit

A

1month

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Q

Gestational length in the following species.

Sow

A

3.8months

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Q

What do endometrial cups produce and what does it act as?

A

eCG
Acts as a luteotropic factor

Also induces multiple lutenization of dominant follicles during pregnancy, causing for multiple CL which increases progesterone levels

Q

Which species have placental lactogen?

A

Cows
Sheep
Mice
Humans

Q

Role of placental lactogen?

A

Promotes growth of fetus

2. Can stimulate mammary glands

Q

Explain initiation of parturition?

A

Stress on fetus causes for release of ACTH from fetal anterior lobe of pituitary

Two major events triggered

Removal of progesterone block
Increase of reproductive tract secretions

Q

Effect of PGF2alpha secreted by placenta?

A

Causes increase of myometrium activity

2. Causes regression of the CL

Q

How does estrogen profile of mare differ from cow during gestation?

A

Cow has a sudden sharp increase of estrogen when compared to the mares more gradual increase

Q

3 Stages of parturition?

A

Initiation of myometrial contractions (removal of progesterone block)
Expulsion of fetus
Expulsion of fetal membranes

Q

What is puerperium?

A

Period after parturition when the reproductive tracts return to non-pregnant conditions

Q

4 major events of puerperium?

A

Myometrial contractions and expulsion of lochia
Endometrial repair
Resumption of ovarian functions
Elimination of bacterial contamination of the reproductive tract

3 roles of myometrial contractions?

1. Facilitate the discharge of fluids 2. Compress the uterine vasculature and minimize the hemorrhage 3. Reduce the size of the uterus

What is lochia?

Discharge expelled from the vulva

How much lochia in a cow is discharged in first days of puerperium?

up to 2000ml of lochia