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Chem II > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of cellular message is sent to other cells via the bloodstream?

A

Endocrine

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2
Q

What type of cellular message is sent to other cells via the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Exocrine

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3
Q

What type of cellular message is sent to other cells neurologically?

A

Neurocrine

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4
Q

What type of cellular message is sent to other cells via the interstitial fluid?

A

Paracrine

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5
Q

What are some characteristics of an amine?

A
  • Very short half life
  • Includes things like tryptophan, epinephrine, and melatonin
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6
Q

What are some characteristics of a peptide?

A
  • Generally an unbroken chain of AA of 50 or less
  • HYDROPHILIC (H2O soluble) = doesn’t cross cell membranes easily
  • Must first bind to membrane bound receptors
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7
Q

What are some characteristics of a protein?

A
  • Made of chains of AA (>50)
  • Primary, secondary, and tertiary structures
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8
Q

What are some characteristics of a glycoprotein?

A
  • Conjugated proteins bound to carbs
  • Solubility and half life are similar to protein hormones
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9
Q

What are some characteristics of a steroid?

A
  • Derived from a lipid (typically cholesterol)
  • HYDROPHOBIC = must be transported into the blood bound to carrier proteins and can cross the cell
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10
Q

What are some characteristics of a fatty acid?

A
  • Small fatty acid derivatives of an arachidonic acid
  • Rapidly degraded
  • Effective only seconds
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11
Q

Define metabolism

A

The sum of chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life and includes both catabolism and anabolism

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12
Q

What determines the extent to which hormones are capable of binding to receptors and eliciting their intended effects?

A

The rate of catabolism or anabolism

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13
Q

How does alcohol consumption affect hormones metabolism?

A
  • It appears to INC the degradation of testosterone
  • Extended consumption may cause cirrhosis, which in turn causes less albumin and other binding proteins
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14
Q

Many hormones are produced in the ___ ___ by a cascade of ___ reactions

A

Adrenal gland; enzymatic

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15
Q

What are the two predominant organs for eliminating hormones?

A

Kidney and Liver

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16
Q

What is the role of the liver in hormone elimination?

A

Tagging certain hormones for destruction or creation of different molecules

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17
Q

How are steroid hormones eliminated?

A

By inactivating metabolic pathways and excretion in the urine or bile

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18
Q

How are thyroid hormones eliminated?

A

They are inactivated by intracellular deiodinases

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19
Q

How are catecholamines eliminated?

A

They are rapidly degraded within the blood circulation

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20
Q

How are fatty acid derivatives eliminated?

A

They are rapidly inactivated by metabolism and typically active for a short period of time (seconds)

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21
Q

What are the two forms in which hormones will circulate the bloodstream after they are released from the endocrine gland?

A

Free (unbound)

Protein bound

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22
Q

T/F:

Free floating hormones are susceptible to degradation and metabolism

A

TRUE

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23
Q

Hydrophilic = ____ soluble

A

Water

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24
Q

Lipophilic = ___ soluble

A

Fat

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25
Q

T/F:

Water-soluble hormones are transported bound to a carrier protein

A

FALSE

FAT-soluble are transported bound to a carrier protein

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26
Q

What are Micelles?

A

Enclosed packages containing lipid-rich substances with hydrophilic outer layer and hydrophobic inner layer

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27
Q

What is the most common feedback mechanism in the body?

A

Negative feedback

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28
Q

What occurs during negative feedback?

A

The stimulus will feedback upstream to decrease the production of itself

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29
Q

What occurs during positive feedback?

A

Increases stimulus received until a distinct endpoint is achieved. Because this causes an increased production of stimuli, this pathway can go out of control

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30
Q

A disorder affecting a regulating endocrine gland is a ___ disorder

A

Secondary or tertiary

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31
Q

Disorders that affects the final endocrine gland that is regulated is a ___ disorder

A

Primary

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32
Q

List factors that can affect hormone levels

A
  • Emotional stress
  • Time of day
  • Menstrual cycle
  • Menopase
  • Food intake/diet
  • Drugs
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33
Q

What are the three distinct parts of the pituitary?

A
  • Anterior pituitary
  • Intermediate lobe
  • Posterior pituitary
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34
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary?

A

Storage and release of oxytocin and AVP (formerly known as ADH)

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35
Q

The anterior pituitary received 90-90% of its blood supply and many hypothalamic factors via the ___-___ ___ ___

A

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

36
Q

T/F:

Pituitary function can be detected between the 6th and 8th week of gestation

A

FALSE

Can be detected between the 7th and 9th week of gestation

37
Q

What are lactotrophs ?

A

Prolactin secreting cells

38
Q

What are somatotrophs?

A

Growth hormone (GH) secreting cells

39
Q

What are thyrotrophs?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secreting cells

40
Q

What are corticotrophs?

A

Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) secreting cells

41
Q

What are gonadotrophs?

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreting cells

42
Q

T/F:

All anterior pituitary hormones are secreted in a pulsatile fashion

A

TRUE

43
Q

What are the best examples of pituitary pulsatility?

A

Secretion of hormones that regulate gonadal function (LH and FSH)

44
Q

T/F:

The nervous system will regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary hormone secretion at a constant rate throughout the day

A

FALSE

The hypothalmic-pituitary unit is cyclic in nature and will be regulated by the nervous system in response to external signals such as light/dark changes

45
Q

T/F:

Hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary are larger and more complex than those from the hypothalamus

A

TRUE

These are either tropic (action specific for another endocrine gland) or are direct effectors (they act directly on peripheral tissues)

46
Q

What are hypophysiotropic or hypothalamic hormones?

A

Hormones produced in the hypothalamus that have a direct effect on classic pituitary function

47
Q

What hormones are produced in the anterior pituitary?

A
  • GH
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • FSH
  • LH
  • PRL
48
Q

What hormones are produced in the posterior pituitary?

A
  • ADH
  • OXT
49
Q

What does it mean when a hormone is tropic?

A

Action is specific for another endocrine gland

50
Q

What does it mean if a hormone is a direct effector?

A

They act directly on peripheral tissues

51
Q

Action of TRH

A

Releases TSH and prolactin

52
Q

Action of GnRH

A

Releases LH and FSH

53
Q

Action of CRH

A

Releases ACTH

54
Q

Action of GHRH

A

Releases GH

55
Q

Action of somatostatin

A

Inhibits GH and TSH release

56
Q

Action of dopamine

A

Inhibits prolactin release

57
Q

Target gland of LH

A

Gonad (tropic)

58
Q

Target gland of FSH

A

Gonad (tropic)

59
Q

Target gland of TSH

A

Thyroid (tropic)

60
Q

Target gland of ACTH

A

Adrenal (tropic)

61
Q

Target gland of growth hormone

A

Multiple (direct effector)

62
Q

Target gland of Prolactin

A

Breast (direct effector)

63
Q

Growth Hormone

A
  • Vital for normal growth
  • Amphibolic = directly influences anabolic and catabolic processes
  • Mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGF), more specifically IGF-1
  • Stimulates production of IGF-1 from liver
  • Baseline measurements are helpful
64
Q

Acromegaly is a result of what?

A

Pathological or autonomous GH excess, typically from the result of a GH releasing tumor

65
Q

Prolactin

A
  • Stress hormone with vital functions in relationship to reproduction
  • Major mode of hypothalamic regulation is TONIC INHIBITION (versus other anterior pituitary hormones with intermittent stimulation)
  • Inhibited by dopamine
66
Q

Clinical representation of a prolactinoma is dependent on what?

A

Patient age, gender, and tumor size. Premenopausal women will present differently then men/postmenopausal women

67
Q

Clinical evaluation of hyperprolactinemia include what?

A
  • History and physical exam to exclude common, nonendocrine causes
  • obtaining TSH and FT4 values to eliminate primary hypothyroidism as a cause
  • If a pituitary tumor is suspected, anterior pituitary function assessment: ACTH/cortisol, LH, FSH
  • MRI
68
Q

Hyperprolactinemia is associated with what?

A

Renal failure, cirrhosis, hypothyroidism, trauma, inflammation, drugs, adrenal insufficiency, prolactinomas

69
Q

Define hypopituitarism

A

Failure of either of pituitary or the hypothalamus resulting in loss of anterior pituitary function

70
Q

The complete loss of anterior pituitary function is referred to as ___

A

Panhypopituitarism

71
Q

The loss of a single hormone is referred to as ___ ___ ___

A

Monotropic hormone deficiency

72
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary failure of an endocrine gland

A

Primary: failure of gland accompanied by dramatic INC in circulating levels of corresponding pituitary tropic hormone

Secondary: Associated with low or normal levels of tropic hormone

73
Q

List 10 causes of hypopituitarism

A
  1. Pituitary tumors
  2. Parapituitary/hypothalmic tumors
  3. Trauma
  4. Radiation therapy/surgery
  5. Infarction
  6. Infection
  7. Infiltrative disease
  8. Immunologic
  9. Familial
  10. Idiopathic
74
Q

How do you treat panhypopituitarism?

A

Replacement therapy, thyroxine, glucocorticoids, gender-specific sex steroids

75
Q

AVP and oxytocin are what type of hormones?

A

Posterior pituitary hormones

76
Q

Where are AVP and oxytocin produced?

A

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei or hypothalamus and transported to neurohypophysis via axons in hypothalamoneurohypophyseal tract

77
Q

What hormone plays a critical role in lactation, labor, and parturition?

A

Oxytocin

78
Q

What type of feedback loop is for oxytocin secretion?

A

Positive feedback koop

79
Q

Uterine contractions cause what in regards to oxytocin

A

Propagates oxytocin release, resulting in more contractions

80
Q

What is the major action of Arginine vasopressin (AVP)

A

Regulate renal free water excretion

ALSO

Potent presser agent and effect blood clotting by promoting Factor VII release and Von Willebrand factor release

81
Q

What regulates the release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary?

A

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors and baroreceptors

82
Q

T/F:

Osmoreceptors only detect significant changes

A

FALSE

Osmoreceptors are extremely sensitive to small changes

83
Q

What do vascular baroreceptors respond to?

A

Fall in blood volume or blood pressure

84
Q

___ - ___% fall in arterial blood pressure will trigger vasopressin release

A

5% - 10%

85
Q

Diabetes insipidus is a consequence of what?

A

Vasopressin deficiency or resistance

86
Q

Excess AVP leads to what?

A

Pathological retention of free water

Chem II (12 decks)

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