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Adrenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What type of hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Steroid hormones

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2
Q

What type of hormones does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Amine hormones

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3
Q

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis

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4
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa produce and what is the major hormone secreted?

A

Mineralcorticoids ; aldosterone

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5
Q

What does the zona fasciculata produce and what is the major hormone secreted?

A

Glucocorticoids ; cortisol

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6
Q

What does the zona reticularis produce and what is the major hormone secreted?

A

Sex hormones ; androgens

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7
Q

What is the function of mineralcorticoids?

A

Regulate salt balance

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8
Q

What is the function of glucocorticoids

A

Assist with carbohydrate metabolism

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9
Q

Hat is the function of androgens

A

Required for sexual function but contributes less than the gonads

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10
Q

Function of aldosterone

A

Controls the amount of fluid in the body.
Increases the salt and water conservation via renal tubular retention of Na, Cl, and H2O and promotes the excretion og K and H. Aldosterone results in vasoconstriction which will increase BP and BV

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11
Q

T/F:

Blood levels are higher in the morning

A

TRUE

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12
Q

Adrenal Disease

A

HYPERALDOSTERONISM
- Secreting adrenal adenoma — conn syndrome
- Aldosterone — secreting adrenal carcinoma
- Hyperplasia of adrenal cortex

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13
Q

Reninangiotensin system disorder

A

HYPERALDOSTERONISM
- excess produciton of renin
- malignant hypertension
- renin secreting renal tumor

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14
Q

List some causes of hypoaldosteronism

A
  • Atrophy of adrenal glands
  • Addison’s disease (atrophy with Dec prod of aldosterone and glucocorticoids
  • Congenital deficiency of 21-hydroxylase enzyme
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15
Q

What is the feedback look for cortisol production?

A

Hypothalamus (CRH) -> anterior pituitary (ACTH) -> Cortisol production

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16
Q

Low levels of cortisol ___ the release of ACTH ; high levels of cortisol ___ the release of ACTH

A

Promote ; Inhibit

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17
Q

Cuse of primary hypercortisolism

A

adrenal adenoma or carcinoma

Exogenous administration of cortisol

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18
Q

What type of hypercortisolism is Cushing Syndrome and what is it caused by

A

Primary

Excess cortisol

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19
Q

What causes secondary hypercortisolism

A

Excessive production of ACTH from pituitary tumor

Ectopic production of ACTH by nonendocrine tumor

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20
Q

What type of hypercortisolism is Cushing Disease and what is it caused by

A

Secondary

Pituitary ACTH excess which stimulates excess cortisol production

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21
Q

What are the cases of primary hypocortisolism

A

Atrophy of adrenal gland

Autoimmune disease

TB

Prolonged high dosage cortisol therapy

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22
Q

What is the cause of secondary hypocortisolism

A

Pituitary hypofunction

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23
Q

List the catecholamines

A

Epinephrine (EPI)

Norepinephrine (NE)

Dopamine

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24
Q

Where are catecholamines produced?

A

Tyrosine cells of the medulla, brain, and sympathetic neurons

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25
Function of epinephrine
Converts glycogen to glucose Released in response to low BP, hypoxia, cold exposure, muscle exertion, and pain
26
Function of norepinephrine
Neurotransmitter affecting vascular smooth muscle and heart Released primarily by the postganglionic sympathetic nerves
27
Function of dopamine
Neurotransmitter in the brain affecting the vascular system
28
Catecholamine metabolism of DOPAMINE
Dopamine > homovanillic acid
29
Catecholamine metabolism of NOREPINEPHRINE
Norepinephrine > normetanephrine > vanillylmandelic acid
30
Catecholamine metabolism of EPINEPHRINE
Epinephrine > metanephrine > vanillylmandelic acid
31
What is a pheochromocytoma
tumor of the adrenal medulla, usually benign
32
What does a pheochromocytoma cause
INC EPI and NE
33
What is a neuroblastoma
Malignant tumor of the adrenal medulla that occurs in children
34
What does a neuroblastoma cause
Produces EPI, NE, and dopamine. Causes INC HVA and VMA in urinary excretion
35
What are clinical features of pheochromocytoma
HTN, paroxysomal with spells of sweating, hyperaldosteronism, or palpitations
36
What are clinical features of Cushing's syndrome
HTN, obesity, weakness
37
What are clinical features of Primary aldosteronism
HTN, hypokalemia, weakness
38
What are clinical features of adrenocarcinoma
Virilization, HTN, weakness
39
Testes are part of the ____-____-____ axis
Hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal axis
40
LH and FSH are produced by what
Anterior pituitary
41
Function of LH in regards to the testes
stimulates production of testosterone
42
Function of FSH in regards to the testes
stimulates spermatogenesis
43
What controls LH and FSH?
GnRH
44
What type of feedback loop is LH and FSH
Negative
45
What defines a primary disorder for abnormal synthesis of testosterone
Caused by the testes
46
What defines a secondary disorder for abnormal synthesis of testosterone
due to primary disorder of the pituitary or hypothalamus
47
Function of testosterone
Responsible for development and maintenance of secondary male sex characteristics
48
Hyperandrogenemia is observed in what populations
adult males, prepubertal males (precocious puberty), and female children
49
What causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Enzyme defect of 21-hydroxylase
50
What is observed in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Prevents cortisol production and causes the accumulation of cortisol precursors such as 17-OHP INC blood 17-OHP and ACTH DEC blood cortisol
51
Consequences of hypoandrogenemia in adult males
Impotence Loss of secondary sex characteristics
52
Consequences of hypoandrogenemia in prepubertal males
delayed puberty
53
Causes of primary hypoandrogenemia
Tumors, infections, congenital disorders
54
Example of primary hypoandrogenemia
Klinefelter syndrome
55
Causes of secondary hypoandrogenemia
primary hypofunction disorders of the pituitary or hypothalamus
56
What is observed in secondary hypoandrogenemia
DEC synthesis of LH and FSH
57
What is the chromosomal abnormality observed in Klinefelter Syndrome
XXY
58
Within what time frame should a semen analysis be performed
within 30 minutes
59
What are the components of a semen analysis
pH Motility Sperm Count Sperm Quality (morphology and viability)
60
What axis are the ovaries a part of?
Hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal axis
61
Function of LH in regards to the ovaries
Stimulates the production of progesterone at ovulation
62
Function of FSH in regards to the ovaries
Stimulates the growth of the ovarian follicles and increases the plasma estrogen level
63
What are the principle female sex hormones
Estrogen and progesterone
64
What are the three primary estrogens
Estradiol 17b, estrone, estradiol
65
What is the principle estrogen produced by the ovaries
Estradiol
66
What is estrogen secreted by
ovarian follicles and the placenta during pregnancy (lesser the adrenal glands and testes)
67
What is progesterone secreted by
Ovarian follicles and mainly the corpus luteum following ovulation. Also by the placenta during pregnancy
68
Function of estrogen
Promotes development and maintains the female reproductive system. Responsible for the development and maintenance of secondary female sex characteristics
69
Function of progesterone
In pregnancy, secreted by the placenta to maintain the uterus
70
Describe the hormone levels of the anterior pituitary during the menstrual cycle
FSH is typically at higher concentrations then LH and both peak at 14 days during ovulation
71
Describe the hormone levels of the ovariesduring the menstrual cycle
Before ovulation at 14 days, estrogen continues to rise and is at the highest concentration over progesterone and testosterone. It peks at 14 days, drops, and rises and falls in a bell curve with the next peak (not as high as the first) during the luteal phase Progesterone steadily climbs and then climbs dramatically after ovulation and peaks during the luteal phase above estrogen. Levels fall back to below estrogen at the 28 day mark Testosterone is in the lowest concentration during the entirety but has a small peak at 14 days
72
Hyperestrinism in females results in
Precocious puberty Infertility and irregular menses Postmenopausal bleeding
73
Hyperestrinism in males results in what
Testicular atrophy and enlargement of breasts
74
Hypoestrinism in females results in
Ovarian insufficiency Delayed puberty Amenorrhea Tuner Syndrome (genetic defect in females, loss of one or two X chromosomes)
75
What is the consequencial difference between hyperprogesteronemia and hypoprogesteronemia
HYPERprogesteronemia: prevents menstrual cycle from occuring HYPOprogesteronemia: causes infertility, abortion of fetus
76
What is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Many cysts in the ovaries Infertility, hirsutism, chronic anovulation, glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension
77
What is hirsutism
Abnormal, abundant, androgen sensitive terminal hair growth in areas which terminal hair follicles are sparsely distributed
78
Causes of infertility in females for the following Hypothalamus: Pituitary: Ovaries: Fallopian Tubes and Uterus: Conception:
Hypothalamus: drugs, INC stress, diet = DEC GnRH Pituitary: Tumor or vesicular lesion = DEC FSH and LH Ovaries: Organ failure, organ dysgensis, antiovarian ab, malnourishment = DEC Estradiol and Progesterone Fallopian Tubes and Uterus: low progesterone output = inadequate endometrium // pelvic inflammation disease = tubal scarring and closure // cervical infections = DEC cervical mucus Conception: Antisperm ab = immobilization and destruction of sperm
79
Causes of infertility in males for the following Hypothalamus and Pituitary: Testes: Prostate: Urethrogenetial tract:
Hypothalamus and Pituitary: primary defects in hypothalamus or pituitary glands, exogenous androgens, testicular dysfunction = oligospermia to azoospermia Testes: orchitis = oligospermia to azoospermia // testicular infections = delayed or deficient sexual maturity // alcoholism or substance abuse = DEC testosterone Prostate: infections of prostate or seminal vesicles = DEC seminal fluid Urethrogenetial tract: Physical abnormalities and chronic diabetes = retrograde or absent ejaculation

Chem II (12 decks)

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