Endocrinology Flashcards
What is the diagnostic test for Addison’s disease?
Synacthen (ACTH) stimulation test
Three macrovascular complications of diabetes?
- CVD
- MI
- PAD
Microvascular complications of diabetes?
Name 3 neuropathic complications of T2DM?
Autonomic dysfunction
Peripheral neuropathy
Gastroparesis
Patient is started on an SGLT-2 inhibitor and is sick what should you do?
Stop it and be aware of of Euglycaemic ketoacidosis
If a patient has multiple hormone deficiencies, what would you consider?
Hypopituitarism
What is the most common cause of hypopituitarism?
Pituitary disorder
What is produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH, GNRH, Prolactin
What would you see on a radioiodine uptake scan in Grave’s disease?
Diffuse uptake
What are 3 other cardiorespiratory complications of hyperthyroidism?
- AF
- High-output heart failure
- Upper airway obstruction (large goitres)
Name 3 other neurological manifestations of hypothyroidism?
- Slow reflexes
- Cerebellar ataxia
- Peripheral neuropathy
Name 3 causes of hypothyroidism
- Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
- Congenital hypothyroidism
- Dietary
What antibodies used to investigate autoimmune hypothyroidism?
Anti- TPO
Anti-Thyroglobulin
Anti-TSH Receptor ABs
What are the symptoms of Addisonian Crisis?
- Severe abdominal pain
- Severe electrolyte imbalance
- Hypotension
What does the posterior pituitary produce?
Oxytocin and ADH
What does ACTH stimulate?
The adrenal glands to release cortisol
What does Growth hormone stimulate?
Stimulates the release of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) from the liver
How does Aldosterone work?
It is a mineralocorticoid steroid hormone which works on the nephrons in the kidney to:
- Increase sodium reabsorption from the distal tubule.
- Increase potassium secretion from the distal tubule.
- Increase hydrogen secretion from the collecting ducts
What TFT is used for a screening test for thyroid disease?
Thyroid stimulating hormone. When TSH is abnormal then T3 and T4 can be measured to gain more information.
What can “Cold” areas (abnormally low uptake) on radioisotope scans indicate?
Could indicate thyroid cancer
What is Toxic Multinodular goitre?
Also known as Plummer’s disease.
It is a condition where nodules develop on the thyroid gland, which are unregulated by the thyroid axis and continuously produce excessive thyroid hormones.
What is Pretibial myxoedema caused by?
Skin condition caused by deposits of glycoaminoglycans under the skin on the anterior aspect of the leg.
Specific to Grave’s disease and is a reaction to TSH receptor antibodies
What is HbA1c?
Glycosylated haemoglobin
What would overestimate a blood sugar measurement?
Splenectomy - due to increased RBC lifespan
Also Vitamin B12/Folic Acid deficiency and Iron deficiency anaemia
What is the treatment of HHS?
Treat with fluids and need thromboprophylaxis as the blood becomes very viscous.
How does SGLT2 inhibitors works?
They increase renal glucose excretion