Endocrinology 💊 Flashcards
Metabolic syndrome aspects and diagnosis
WEIGHHT
waist size, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, HDL, TG
> =3/5 of above
Best initial Tx for metabolic syndrome
Lifestyle
If patient has impaired fasting glucose in metabolic syndrome, can give what??
Metformin
Main treatments for diabetic retinopathy
Anti VEGF agents and laser photocoagulopathy
Main Tx for diabetic nephropathy
ACEi
Which CN is most seen in diabetic neuropathy
CN3
Neuropathic pain in DM can be Mx with
TCA or SNRI or gabapentin
Gastroparesis Tx
Metoclopromide or erythromycin
How to Dx micro albuminuria in DM
Spot urine ACR (30-300). Otherwise cannot see in routine UA
Dx for DM
Random glucose at >=200 with symptoms.
Or fasting glucose >=126
Or >=200 after OGTT
Or HbA1c > 6.5%
Screening for T2 DM in age > 45
Check HbA1c every 3 years. If 5.7-6.4 then do yearly recheck. Do yearly check up on high glucose generally/positive OGTT, if they didn’t quite make Dx
Excserize advice to DM patient
Moderate intensity for 30-60 mins, 5 days a week
When to give statin your DM patient
All aged 40-75 regardless of lipid level
Aside from routine, which Vx’s should be given to DM patients
Pneumococcal (above 19)
If patient on insulin struggling with intermittent dosing… can give what?
Insulin infusion pump
Out of Metformin and sulfonylureas, which decreases microvasc events and which decreases CVD
Metformin decreases CVD and sulfons reduce microvasc
Goal HbA1c for adults and children
Adults - <7%
Children - <7.5%
Does tight glycemic control reduce risk more for macro or micro vasc complications
More for microvasc complications
DKA vs HHS
Glucose-
Acidosis-
Ketones-
Anion gap-
Osmolality-
Glucose- >250 DKA. >600 HHS
Acidosis- only in DKA
Ketones- only in DKA
Anion gap- raised in DKA
Osmolality- raised in HHS
Mx for DKA
-consider K+ being low to start
-consider if glucose goes down but AG remains
NS, insulin (check for low K+) until AG closes. If K+ <3.3 then give K+ before starting insulin. If glucose goes below 200, but acidosis remains, give dextrose with the Insulin
Mx of HHS
NS first, insulin (check for low K+).. DVT prophlx
When to further evaluate patients with hypoglycemia
If Whipple triad is present only!
Hypoglycemia after meals only… consider what disease
Consider dumping syndrome
If patient has hypoglycemia after fasting, then what should we do to Invx
Do a fast, then take glucose, Insulin, c peptide.
Patient conscious and has hypoglycemia. Mx?
Oral sugar/drink
Patient with altered mental state and has hypoglycemia. Mx?
IV dextrose. Or IM glucagon if no IV access
Best initial test to screen for thyroid disease
TSH
Best initial tests to screen for pituitary-based thyroid disease
TSH and T4
Euthyroid sick syndrome findings (TFTs)
Low T3, but high rT3 (T4 converted to rT3)
Thyroid bruits can be a sign of what disease
Graves
Which kind of thyroid nodules need biopsy and further workup for CA
Non functioning nodules
Dx
Hyperthyroid signs, low thyroglobulin, low uptake on RAI scan.
⬆️ Exogenous thyroid hormone
DDx
Hyperthyroid signs, high thyroglobulin, low uptake on RAI scan.
Acute thyroiditis, iodine exposure, extra glandular exposure
Graves opthalmopathy Tx
Steroids
Definitive Tx for hyperthyroidism. When is this CI’d
I 131. Not if large and obstructive goiter, or graves (worsens ophthalmopathy). Do thyroidectomy for these cases
Mainstay symptomatic treatment for hyperthyroidism
Bb
First line agent to tackle the high TH in hyperthyroidism
Methimazole (recall 1st trim rule)
Thyroid storm Tx
Bb, then anti thyroid meds (PTU due to rapid action), GCs, then KI
(+-) cholestyramine
Most common cause of congenital hypothyroidism
Thyroid dysgenesis
High CK seen in hypo or hyper thyroidism
Hypo
Mx of myxedema coma
ICU admission. IV levo and IV hydrocortisone (unless excluded adrenal crisis)
De quervain thyroiditis Mx
Self limited, but give NSAID for pain
Thyroiditis Mx (generally)
Anti thyroid meds if hyperT, and levo if hypoT. Anti thyroid meds not indicated
Why does levo dose need to be increased in pregnancy
Because E. increases, increasing TBG, decreasing free T3/T4
Appreciate diagnostic workup for thyroid nodule
Thyroid nodule:
Next two things to do
TSH and neck US
Thyroid nodule:
TSH low. Do what?
Scintigraphy
Thyroid nodule:
TSH low. And RAI shows hot nodule. How to Mx
I131, or Sx excision
Thyroid nodule:
TSH low. And RAI shows cold nodule. How to Mx
Check if needs FNA criteria on US. Then proceed to FNA
Thyroid nodule:
TSH high/normal.
How to Mx
See if meets FNA criteria on US. Then do FNA
Tx for malignant thyroid CA
Hemi or total thyroidectomy. +- RAI
Tx for indeterminate thyroid nodule (risk of CA)…. FNA not 100%
Balance watch and wait with hemithyroidectomy
Mx for patient with confirmed benign thyroid nodule
Exam and US follow up
Diagnostic test for osteoporosis.
When should this be done
DEXA scan. This should be done for all women above 65 and older men above 70. And in patients with signs and symptoms or risk factors
When and what to treat osteoporosis
Treat all osteoporosis patients. Do you lifestyle modifications and bisphosphonates are first line.
Supposed cause of Padgetts disease
Latent viral infection in susceptible patience
Best initial test for Paget’s disease
Plain x-ray, to see the lytic and sclerotic lesions
Aside from plain x-ray, what to other tests can be done in Paget’s disease
Radionucleotide bone scan is needed to characterise the extent of the disease. And bloods (LP, calcium, phosphate)
Treatment for PAgets
Usually no treatment. But may need to reduce pain. Is phosphonate our first line pharmacologically, calcitonin second line.
Bone pain and hearing loss, think what disease
Paget’s disease
General hypercalcaemia treatment. Consider if secondary to malignancy
IV fluids and calcitonin. If secondary to malignancy, add bisphosphonate
Treatment of solitary parathyroid adenoma, and parathyroid hyperplasia
If adenoma can remove. If hyperplasia remove 3.5 of the glands
Management of hyperPTH in the setting of chronic kidney disease
Oral phosphate binders and diet phosphate restriction. Consider cinacalcet
What is the diagnosis. Profound hypocalcaemia following a parathyroidectomy in a patient who had hyper parathyroidism
Hungry bone syndrome
What inhibits GnRH
Prolactin
What is the main inhibition and stimulation for prolactin secretion
Dopamine inhibits and TRH stimulates
Dopamine inhibit secretion of which two anterior pituitary hormones
Prolactin and TSH
What is panhypopituitarism
Where are the anterior and posterior pituitary are affected
Diagnose this. Asymptomatic patient, has high calcium, PTH as normal, urinary calcium is low.
Most likely FHH
Which hormones are most affected in pituitary diseases
Gonadotropins and growth hormone. So children often have growth retardation an adult often have hypogonadism
What are the routine hypopituitarism testings
8 am cortisol (on two occasions), three T4, testosterone and oestrogen, urine and plasma osmolality. Once that is established do an MRI of the brain
Watery diarrhoea, low potassium and hypochlorhydria. What is the diagnosis
VIPoma 
What are the 4 Ss Of adrenal crisis management
Salt (0.9% saline), steroids (IV hydrocortisone), support (resus and 50% dextrose), and search for underlying illness
Do you have a concern for adrenal insufficiency, what is the first investigation
8 am cortisol
Do you have a patient where you are suspicious for Adrenal insufficiency. The cortisol results are indeterminate. How do you manage next
Do a cosyntropin stimulation test
In an adrenal insufficiency suspicion. Cosyntropin test shows minimal cortisol response. What do you do
Measure ACTH. At this rate adrenal insufficiency is confirmed. Now we just want to know where the secondary or primary
If you have a concern for adrenal insufficiency, you do an 8 am cortisol test.
It comes back with low cortisol levels. Is this diagnostic
Yes and you can now measure ACTH
When do you do a cosyntropin stimulation test
When you suspect adrenal insufficiency, and your 8 am quarts or test shows indeterminate results. If the 8 am cortisol tests show low cortisol, adrenal insufficiency is confirmed
Hi suspicion of adrenal insufficiency, what takes precedent giving steroids or diagnostic testing
Giving steroids
Best initial test for pheochromocytoma
24 hour urine metanephrines and catecholamines
When do you do imaging for pheochromocytoma
After labs. Can do CT or MRI of the adrenals, and nuclear MIBG scam to localise extra adrenal lesions
Talk to me about the treatment of pheochromocytoma
Surgical resection. However you must give phenoxybenzamine prior. Beta blockers never given first due to unopposed alpha vasoconstriction
3 diagnostic tests for Cushing’s syndrome
24 hour urine 3/4 or or low-dose dexamethasone suppression test or late night salivary cortisol
Once diagnosed Cushing’s syndrome what do you do next
Measure ACTH to know whether it is adrenal or extra adrenal
Patient diagnosed with Cushing syndrome, ACTH is suppressed. Next investigation?
Adrenal CT
Patient diagnosed with Cushing’s syndrome and has elevated ACTH. How did we manage the patient
MRI of pituitary. If more than 6 mm Adenoma than this is Cushing’s disease. Note that the US Emily algorithm does not include high-dose dexamethasone suppression test
Patient diagnosed with Cushing’s syndrome, has high ACTH, and no adenoma (or less than 6 mm adenoma) is seen on MRI. How to investigate next
Do Petros or sinus sampling with CRH. If there is a central to peripheral ACTH gradient it is Cushing’s disease, if there is no gradient is likely ectopic ACTH
Why do some patients with hyperaldosteronism get muscle weakness and Ileus
Due to hypokalaemia
Main way to diagnose primary hyperaldosteronism
 I give sodium load and measure urine aldosterone. Failure to suppress aldosterone indicates diagnosis. Can also do plasma renin activity to calculate the aldosterone to plasma renin activity ratio
Went to do imaging for primary hyperaldosteronism
Only after labs. And a CT/MRI usually is used
Management of con syndrome. What about management of bilateral hyperplasia (Hyperaldosteronism)
For constant room you can do surgical resection (done after correction of potassium and blood pressure).
Hyperplasia is usually treated with spironolactone
Diagnostic marker for 21 hydroxylase deficiency
17 hydroxyprogesterone elevation 
General management for congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Fluid resource and salt repletion. Cortisol to decrease the ACTH.
An antigen is. Fludrocortisone can be given in severe 21 hydroxylase deficiency cases. Consider surgery for ambiguous genitalia
Main way to differentiate between CAH and aromatase defficiency
They present very similarly in females. But CAH will have blood pressure and electrolyte problems
Initial lab test for diabetes insipidus
Serum osmolality, urine osmolality, serum sodium, urine sodium
Confirmation test for diabetes insipidus, and how to differentiate them (Central and nephrogenic)
Water deprivation test. Then give desmopressin
Treatment for central diabetes insipidus
Desmopressin IV or intranasally or orally
Treatment regime for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Salt restriction, thiazide, amiloride, low protein diet
You clinically suspect acromegaly, what is the first test to do. Interpret what are the results with mean
IGF – 1 levels. If normal rules out acromegaly, if elevated must do further testing
Patient had a suspicion for acromegaly, IGF levels were elevated. What must be done next
Oral glucose suppression test. If there is adequate growth hormone suppression this rules out acromegaly. If inadequate must do MRI
Patient had suspicion for acromegaly. IGF-I was elevated and oral glucose suppression test was inadequate (i.e. positive). What must be done next
MRI of the brain.
What is the surgical and medical therapy for acromegaly
Surgery is transphenoidal surgical resection. Medical therapy is ocreotide or pegvisomant
What diagnostic tests must be done in suspected hyperprolactinaemia
Serum prolactin. MRI of the brain. And a pregnancy test
Best initial treatment for hyperprolactinaemia
Dopamine agonists (cabergoline or bromocriptine)
If Prolactinoma is resistant to medication. Or has compressive effects. How can we manage
Transphenoidal surgery
Mainstay treatment for SIADH
Restriction of fluids
Patient with SIADH. You have restricted fluids. But it is persistent and symptomatic. How do you manage
Try IV hypertonic saline therapy
Aside from restriction of fluids and IV hypertonic saline. What to therapies can be given for either severe SIADH or chronic SIADH
Severe can be given tolvaptan. Chronic can be given Demeclocycline
Initial test for pheochromocytoma suspicion. And then the diagnostic test
Initial test is plasma metanephrines. If they are high do a CT.
Why might glucose be elevated in pheochromocytoma
Because epinephrine and norepinephrine inhibit insulin
Diagnosis of nonclassic congenital Adrenal hyperplasia. What’s the treatment
Diagnosed by doing And ACTH stimulation test, which will see an increase in 17 0HPROG. Treat with Hydro Cortizone believe it or not
Why estrogen will recquire more levothyroixine
Because increase estrogen means more TBG. Usually in normal people this will equilibrate, but since a hypothyroidism patient cannot increase TH when TSH increases, it doesn’t. So that’s why more Levo needed.