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Leeds MBCHB Year 4 Peads > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Viruses linked to causing T1DM

A

Coxsackie B (COX A causes hand foot and mouth

Enterovirus

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2
Q

Blood glucose range

A

4.1-6.1 mmol/l

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3
Q

Where is insulin secreted from

A

Beta cells in Islets of Langerhans (pancreas)

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4
Q

Where is glucagon secreted from

A

Alpha cells in Islets of Langerhans (pancreas)

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5
Q

Classic triad of hyperglycaemia symptoms

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss (dehydration)

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6
Q

What is secondary enuresis

A

Bed wetting in previously dry child

Associated with T1DM

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7
Q

Important bloods in newly presented T1DM (not in DKA)

A

FBC UE HBA1C

TFTs, TPO - autoimune thyroid disease
anti-TTG
Insulin antibodies, anti-GAD antibodies, islet cell antibodies - destruction of pancreas

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8
Q

Consequence of injecting insulin into the same spot repeatedly

A

Lipodystrophy

Subcutaneous fat hardens and prevents normal adsorption

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9
Q

What is Lipodystrophy

A

Subcutaneous fat hardens and prevents normal adsorption.

Should change site to inject

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10
Q

Most common insulin regime and meaning?

A

Basul bolus

Basal - long acting such as Lantus (normally in evening)

Bolus - short acting such as Actrapid (before meals)

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11
Q

IV treatment and does of dextrose for a hypo

A

10% at 2mg/kg as a bolus

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12
Q

Neurological DKA risk

A

Cerebral oedema

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13
Q

Cause of cerebral oedema in DKA

A

Rapid correct of dehydration

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14
Q

DKA criteria

A

BM >11, ketones >3, pH <7.3

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15
Q

2 key DKA treatment principles

A

Correct dehydration OVER 48 HOURS
Fixed rate insulin infusion

(add potassium)

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16
Q

Test for adrenal insufficiency

A

ACTH stimulation test (short synacthen)

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17
Q

Caution with adrenal insufficiency patients in other illnesses

A

Higher steroid demand and increased risk of hypoglycaemia

18
Q

Addisionian crisis signs and symptoms

A

Hyperkalaemia, hyponatremia, hypoglycaemia

Reduced GCS, hypotension

19
Q

Enzymes causing congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

21-hydroxylase

11-beta- hydroxylase

20
Q

Genetic inheritance of congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

AR

21
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia effect on hormone levels

A

Low cortisol and aldosterone

High androgens

22
Q

Testosterone hormone type

A

Androgen

23
Q

Aldosterone hormone type

A

Mineralcorticosteroid

24
Q

21-hydorxylase enzyme function

A

Progesterone to aldosterone and cortisol

25
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia pathophysiology

A

No conversion of progesterone to aldosterone and cortisol as defect in 21-hydorxylase. Extra progesterone gets converted to testosterone

26
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia symptoms in young babies

A

Virilised genitalia

Poor feeding, dehydration, vomiting, arrhythmias

27
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in boys and girls

A

F: tall, facial hair, no periods early puberty
M: tall, deep voice, large penis, early puberty

SKIN PIGMENTATION

28
Q

Skin changes in congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

Pigmentation - increased ACTH -> increased melanocyte stimulating hormone

29
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia management

A 
Cortisol replacement
Aldosterone replacement (fludrocortisone)
30
Q

Growth hormone deficiency presentation

A

Micropenis, hypoglycaemia, severe jaundice

Poor growth (ESPECIALLY AFTER 2-3 YEARS), short, late puberty

31
Q

Cause of acquired hypothyroidism

A

Hashimotos (anti TPO)

32
Q

Newborn hypothyroidism symptoms

A

Neonatal jaundice, poor feeding, constipation, increased sleeping, reduced growth

33
Q

Associated conditions with acquired hypothyroidism

A

T1DM, coeliacs

34
Q

Release of growth hormone is from where and mediated by what

A

GHRH (hypothalamus) -> anterior pituitary

35
Q

most common mutations in growth hormone deficiency

A

GH1 or GHRHR (receptor)

36
Q

Condition that results in underdeveloped pituitary gland

A

Empty sella syndrome

37
Q

What is empty sella syndrome

A

Shrinking of pituitary gland (leads to growth hormone deficiency)

38
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A

Acts on liver to release IGF-1

39
Q

What cell maintains bone

A

Osteocyte

Cite (citation)=maintains credibility

40
Q

What cell forms bone matrix

A

Osteoblast

Blast=build

41
Q

What cell reabsorbs damaged bone

A

Osteoclast

Leeds MBCHB Year 4 Peads (21 decks)

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