Endocrine System (pt.4) Flashcards
What happens when stressors first stimulate the body?
Nerve impulses in sensory centers send signals to the hypothalamus, activating the autonomic nervous system
What three hormones does the hypothalamus release during stress?
- CRH (Corticotropin-releasing hormone)
- GHRH (Growth hormone-releasing hormone)
- TRH (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
What hormones does the anterior pituitary release in response to stress?
- ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
- hGH (Human growth hormone)
- TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)
What are the main effects of the “fight-or-flight” response?
- Increased heart rate, blood flow, and breathing
- Conversion of glycogen to glucose
- Reduced digestion and urine production
What are the main effects of cortisol during stress?
- Increases the breakdown of fat (lipolysis) for energy.
- Helps regulate inflammation.
What does HGH stimulate and where does it stimulate the response/
the release if insulin-like growth factors (IGS) from the liver
what are the effects of IGFs?
- Promote protein synthesis.
- Responsible for lipolysis, providing energy.
TSH stimulates the thyroid gland:
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) increase metabolic rate, producing energy through ATP.
Most hormone levels ___ overtime.
decrease
Q: What happens to growth hormone production as we age?
A: The anterior pituitary produces less growth hormone, contributing to muscle loss.
Q: How does the thyroid gland’s function change with age?
A: It typically decreases hormone output, slowing metabolism and increasing body fat.
Q: What effect does lower thyroid hormone have in older adults?
A: It leads to increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and common hypothyroidism.
Q: What happens to parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels with age?
A: PTH levels rise, possibly due to low calcium intake, which can lead to decreased bone mass.
Q: How can calcium supplementation affect PTH levels in older adults?
A: It can help keep PTH levels similar to those in younger individuals.
Q: What changes occur in adrenal gland hormone production as we age?
A: There is less production of cortisol and aldosterone, but epinephrine and norepinephrine levels stay normal.
Q: How does aging affect insulin release from the pancreas?
A: Insulin is released more slowly, and receptor sensitivity to glucose is reduced, causing higher blood glucose levels.
Q: What happens to the thymus gland as we age?
A: It shrinks after puberty but continues to produce T cells in older adults.
Q: What occurs to the ovaries with aging?
A: They decrease in size, stop responding to gonadotropins, and produce less estrogen, leading to osteoporosis.
Q: How do FSH and LH levels change in older women?
A: They rise due to reduced estrogen feedback.
Q: What is the effect of aging on testosterone production in older men?
A: Testosterone production declines, becoming noticeable later in life, but sperm production can still occur with some abnormalities.
Q: What can the reduction of certain hormones contribute to in older adults?
A: It can contribute to conditions such as sarcopenia and osteoporosis.
Q: Which hormone declines with age and is associated with muscle loss?
A: Human growth hormone (HGH) declines with age.
Q: What hormone is related to muscle atrophy in aging?
A: Growth hormone is related to muscle atrophy, as its decreased production contributes to muscle mass and strength loss.
Change in TSH with age
decreases with age, resulting in decrease BMR
what happens as testosterone decreases with age?
Lower sperm count, sarcopenia, overall vitality, bone loss
Q: What is DHEAS?
A: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that acts as a precursor to estrogen and testosterone.
Q: When do DHEAS levels peak?
A: DHEAS levels typically peak in the early twenties and decline with age.
Q: What are the main functions of DHEAS in the body?
A: It helps regulate stress, energy, and immune function.
Q: What causes pituitary gigantism and acromegaly?
A: They are caused by excess secretion of growth hormone.
Q: What condition is caused by low production of growth hormone?
A: Dwarfism is caused by low growth hormone levels.
Q: What causes goiter?
A: Goiter is caused by reduction in thyroid hormone production, leading to increased TSH levels.
Q: What condition is associated with defects in antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
A: Diabetes Insipidus, which leads to excessive urine production and dehydration.
Q: What causes Graves disease?
A: It develops due to excess thyroid hormone.
Q: What is Cushing’s Syndrome and what causes it?
A: Cushing’s Syndrome is characterized by hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex.
Q: What are some symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome?
A: Symptoms include loss of muscle mass, weight gain, and a weakened immune system.
Q: What causes Addison’s Disease?
A: Addison’s Disease is caused by hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone.
Q: What symptoms are associated with Addison’s Disease?
A: Symptoms include weakness, a weak immune system, low blood volume, and low blood pressure.
Q: What is Diabetes Mellitus and why is it significant?
A: It’s the most common endocrine disorder, caused by inability to produce or properly use insulin.
Q: What causes Type 1 Diabetes?
A: It’s an autoimmune disease where beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed.
Q: What causes Type 2 Diabetes?
A: It’s linked to insulin resistance, often caused by lifestyle factors like obesity and inactivity.
Q: How is Type 1 Diabetes treated?
A: Through insulin administration (injection, pen, or pump), as oral insulin would be destroyed.
Q: How is Type 2 Diabetes treated?
A: Through lifestyle changes, medications to enhance insulin production/sensitivity, and possibly insulin.
Q: What are the main symptoms of diabetes?
A: Increased thirst, urination, hunger, fatigue, weight loss, blurred vision, slow-wound healing, and infections.
Q: What are four major long-term complications of diabetes?
A: Cardiovascular disease, kidney damage (nephropathy), eye damage (retinopathy), and nerve damage (neuropathy).
Q: How much carbohydrate can be stored in muscles?
A: 300-400 grams of carbohydrate.
Q: What age group is typically diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes?
A: Usually diagnosed before age 20.
Q: What are the risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes?
A: Genetic factors, obesity, inactivity, and age over 40.
explain how glucose enter the tisssues
Glucose concentrations in the blood rise after a meal. insulin is released from the pancreas, binding to receptors on tissues throughout the body, resulting in glucose entering the tissues.
explain insulin in type 2 diabetes:
insulin is produced by the pancreas and levels in the blood are often normal or even high, but the tissues don’t respond = insulin resistance.
___ are the largest “sink” for disposing glucose
muscles
what is impaired in type 2 diabetes?
ability of insulin to promote glucose uptake into muscles.
what can bypass the defects in insulin signaling to cause our muscles to take up glucose from the blood?
exercise
Q: How does the pancreas regulate blood glucose levels?
A: Through a negative feedback system using insulin and glucagon.
Q: What type of hormones are most affected by aging?
A: Anabolic or stimulating hormones typically decrease with age.
Q: What is the kidney’s role in the body?
A: It plays a crucial, multi-factorial role in regulating homeostasis.
Q: What triggers hormone release from the adrenal glands?
A: Many hormones from the adrenal cortex and medulla are released in response to external stimuli.
Q: What is a negative feedback system?
A: A system where changes in one direction trigger responses that bring conditions back to normal, as seen in glucose regulation.
