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Kin 267 (Phys. 1) > Endocrine System (pt.4) > Flashcards

Endocrine System (pt.4) Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when stressors first stimulate the body?

A

Nerve impulses in sensory centers send signals to the hypothalamus, activating the autonomic nervous system

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2
Q

What three hormones does the hypothalamus release during stress?

A
  1. CRH (Corticotropin-releasing hormone)
  2. GHRH (Growth hormone-releasing hormone)
  3. TRH (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
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3
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary release in response to stress?

A
  1. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
  2. hGH (Human growth hormone)
  3. TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)
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4
Q

What are the main effects of the “fight-or-flight” response?

A
  1. Increased heart rate, blood flow, and breathing
  2. Conversion of glycogen to glucose
  3. Reduced digestion and urine production
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5
Q

What are the main effects of cortisol during stress?

A
  • Increases the breakdown of fat (lipolysis) for energy.
  • Helps regulate inflammation.
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6
Q

What does HGH stimulate and where does it stimulate the response/

A

the release if insulin-like growth factors (IGS) from the liver

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7
Q

what are the effects of IGFs?

A
  • Promote protein synthesis.
  • Responsible for lipolysis, providing energy.
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8
Q

TSH stimulates the thyroid gland:

A

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) increase metabolic rate, producing energy through ATP.

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9
Q

Most hormone levels ___ overtime.

A

decrease

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10
Q

Q: What happens to growth hormone production as we age?

A

A: The anterior pituitary produces less growth hormone, contributing to muscle loss.

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11
Q

Q: How does the thyroid gland’s function change with age?

A

A: It typically decreases hormone output, slowing metabolism and increasing body fat.

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12
Q

Q: What effect does lower thyroid hormone have in older adults?

A

A: It leads to increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and common hypothyroidism.

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13
Q

Q: What happens to parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels with age?

A

A: PTH levels rise, possibly due to low calcium intake, which can lead to decreased bone mass.

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14
Q

Q: How can calcium supplementation affect PTH levels in older adults?

A

A: It can help keep PTH levels similar to those in younger individuals.

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15
Q

Q: What changes occur in adrenal gland hormone production as we age?

A

A: There is less production of cortisol and aldosterone, but epinephrine and norepinephrine levels stay normal.

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16
Q

Q: How does aging affect insulin release from the pancreas?

A

A: Insulin is released more slowly, and receptor sensitivity to glucose is reduced, causing higher blood glucose levels.

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17
Q

Q: What happens to the thymus gland as we age?

A

A: It shrinks after puberty but continues to produce T cells in older adults.

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18
Q

Q: What occurs to the ovaries with aging?

A

A: They decrease in size, stop responding to gonadotropins, and produce less estrogen, leading to osteoporosis.

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19
Q

Q: How do FSH and LH levels change in older women?

A

A: They rise due to reduced estrogen feedback.

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20
Q

Q: What is the effect of aging on testosterone production in older men?

A

A: Testosterone production declines, becoming noticeable later in life, but sperm production can still occur with some abnormalities.

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21
Q

Q: What can the reduction of certain hormones contribute to in older adults?

A

A: It can contribute to conditions such as sarcopenia and osteoporosis.

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22
Q

Q: Which hormone declines with age and is associated with muscle loss?

A

A: Human growth hormone (HGH) declines with age.

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23
Q

Q: What hormone is related to muscle atrophy in aging?

A

A: Growth hormone is related to muscle atrophy, as its decreased production contributes to muscle mass and strength loss.

24
Q

Change in TSH with age

A

decreases with age, resulting in decrease BMR

25
Q

what happens as testosterone decreases with age?

A

Lower sperm count, sarcopenia, overall vitality, bone loss

26
Q

Q: What is DHEAS?

A

A: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that acts as a precursor to estrogen and testosterone.

27
Q

Q: When do DHEAS levels peak?

A

A: DHEAS levels typically peak in the early twenties and decline with age.

28
Q

Q: What are the main functions of DHEAS in the body?

A

A: It helps regulate stress, energy, and immune function.

29
Q

Q: What causes pituitary gigantism and acromegaly?

A

A: They are caused by excess secretion of growth hormone.

30
Q

Q: What condition is caused by low production of growth hormone?

A

A: Dwarfism is caused by low growth hormone levels.

31
Q

Q: What causes goiter?

A

A: Goiter is caused by reduction in thyroid hormone production, leading to increased TSH levels.

32
Q

Q: What condition is associated with defects in antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

A: Diabetes Insipidus, which leads to excessive urine production and dehydration.

33
Q

Q: What causes Graves disease?

A

A: It develops due to excess thyroid hormone.

34
Q

Q: What is Cushing’s Syndrome and what causes it?

A

A: Cushing’s Syndrome is characterized by hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex.

35
Q

Q: What are some symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

A: Symptoms include loss of muscle mass, weight gain, and a weakened immune system.

36
Q

Q: What causes Addison’s Disease?

A

A: Addison’s Disease is caused by hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone.

37
Q

Q: What symptoms are associated with Addison’s Disease?

A

A: Symptoms include weakness, a weak immune system, low blood volume, and low blood pressure.

38
Q

Q: What is Diabetes Mellitus and why is it significant?

A

A: It’s the most common endocrine disorder, caused by inability to produce or properly use insulin.

39
Q

Q: What causes Type 1 Diabetes?

A

A: It’s an autoimmune disease where beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed.

40
Q

Q: What causes Type 2 Diabetes?

A

A: It’s linked to insulin resistance, often caused by lifestyle factors like obesity and inactivity.

41
Q

Q: How is Type 1 Diabetes treated?

A

A: Through insulin administration (injection, pen, or pump), as oral insulin would be destroyed.

42
Q

Q: How is Type 2 Diabetes treated?

A

A: Through lifestyle changes, medications to enhance insulin production/sensitivity, and possibly insulin.

43
Q

Q: What are the main symptoms of diabetes?

A

A: Increased thirst, urination, hunger, fatigue, weight loss, blurred vision, slow-wound healing, and infections.

44
Q

Q: What are four major long-term complications of diabetes?

A

A: Cardiovascular disease, kidney damage (nephropathy), eye damage (retinopathy), and nerve damage (neuropathy).

45
Q

Q: How much carbohydrate can be stored in muscles?

A

A: 300-400 grams of carbohydrate.

46
Q

Q: What age group is typically diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes?

A

A: Usually diagnosed before age 20.

47
Q

Q: What are the risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes?

A

A: Genetic factors, obesity, inactivity, and age over 40.

48
Q

explain how glucose enter the tisssues

A

Glucose concentrations in the blood rise after a meal. insulin is released from the pancreas, binding to receptors on tissues throughout the body, resulting in glucose entering the tissues.

49
Q

explain insulin in type 2 diabetes:

A

insulin is produced by the pancreas and levels in the blood are often normal or even high, but the tissues don’t respond = insulin resistance.

50
Q

___ are the largest “sink” for disposing glucose

A

muscles

51
Q

what is impaired in type 2 diabetes?

A

ability of insulin to promote glucose uptake into muscles.

52
Q

what can bypass the defects in insulin signaling to cause our muscles to take up glucose from the blood?

A

exercise

53
Q

Q: How does the pancreas regulate blood glucose levels?

A

A: Through a negative feedback system using insulin and glucagon.

54
Q

Q: What type of hormones are most affected by aging?

A

A: Anabolic or stimulating hormones typically decrease with age.

55
Q

Q: What is the kidney’s role in the body?

A

A: It plays a crucial, multi-factorial role in regulating homeostasis.

56
Q

Q: What triggers hormone release from the adrenal glands?

A

A: Many hormones from the adrenal cortex and medulla are released in response to external stimuli.

57
Q

Q: What is a negative feedback system?

A

A: A system where changes in one direction trigger responses that bring conditions back to normal, as seen in glucose regulation.

Kin 267 (Phys. 1) (14 decks)

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