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Kin 267 (Phys. 1) > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

Describe what physiology is Name and describe the levels of organization Name and describe essential life processes Define homeostasis and explain the importance of this regulation for human survival Describe the components and provide examples of different feedback systems in the human body

1
Q

What defines the study of human anatomy?

A

The study of body structures and the relationships between them.

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2
Q

What is physiology concerned with?

A

Physiology is the science of body functions and how body parts work.

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3
Q

What does a negative feedback system do?

A

It reverses a change in a controlled condition.

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4
Q

Can you give an example of a positive feedback system in the body?

A

Normal childbirth.

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5
Q

what are the levels of organization?

Hint: CCTOSO

A
  1. Chemical: atomic, molecular
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. System
  6. Organism
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6
Q

what are common atoms found in the body?

A

hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen

(also calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and chlorine)

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7
Q

what are molecules? and what are the two types of molecules?

A

two or more atoms joined together

Inorganic, organic

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8
Q

What does the chemical level of organization include?

A

Atoms and molecules, which are the smallest units of matter and how they participate in chemical reactions.

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9
Q

Give two examples of important molecules found in the human body.

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and glucose.

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10
Q

What are cells?

A

The basic structural and functional units of an organism, composed of chemicals.

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11
Q

Name three types of cells found in the human body.

A

Muscle fibers, nerve cells, and epithelial cells.

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12
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells and materials surrounding them that work together to perform a specific function.

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13
Q

List the four basic types of tissues in the body.

Hint: E.C.M.N

A

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.

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14
Q

How is an organ defined?

A

Structures composed of two or more different types of tissues with specific functions and recognizable shapes.

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15
Q

Give examples of organs.

A

Stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver, lungs, brain

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16
Q

What does the organ-system level consist of?

A

Related organs that work together to perform a common function.

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17
Q

Provide an example of an organ system and its function.

A

The digestive system, which breaks down and absorbs food.

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18
Q

What is the organismal level?

A

It represents the entire living individual, where all parts of the body functions together as a whole organism.

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19
Q

what are components of the integumentary system?

A

Skin and associated structures, such as hair, fingernails and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands.

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20
Q

Q: What are the primary functions of the skeletal system?

A

Supports and protects the body, provides surface area for muscle attachments, aids body movements, houses blood-producing cells, and stores minerals and lipids.

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21
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is part of the muscular system?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue; other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac.

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22
Q

Name the components of the nervous system.

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs like eyes and ears.

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23
Q

What does the endocrine system use to regulate body activities?

A

Hormones.

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24
Q

What is the major function of the cardiovascular system?

A

To pump blood through vessels, carrying oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing carbon dioxide and wastes.

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25
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Returns proteins and fluids to blood, carries lipids from the gastrointestinal tract to blood, and supports immune responses.

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26
Q

How does the respiratory system contribute to homeostasis?

A

Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood, removes carbon dioxide from blood, and helps regulate acid–base balance.

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27
Q

What processes occur in the digestive system?

A

Physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of solid wastes.

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28
Q

What are the main components of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

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29
Q

What are the functions of the reproductive system?

A

Produces gametes, releases hormones that regulate reproduction, and in females, supports gestation and lactation.

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30
Q

At what levels of organization would an exercise physiologist study the human body?

A

An exercise physiologist would primarily study the human body at the cellular level (to understand muscle cell actions), tissue level (to study muscle fibers and connective tissues), organ level (for heart and lung functions), and system level (looking at how the muscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems adapt to exercise).

31
Q

Body Systems Involved in Waste Elimination:

A

The urinary system (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra) eliminates liquid waste and regulates fluid balance.

The digestive system (involving the intestines, liver, and more) eliminates solid waste.

The respiratory system helps eliminate carbon dioxide, a metabolic waste product.

The integumentary system can also play a role in eliminating wastes through sweat.

32
Q

what 6 processes distinguish organisms, or living things, from non living things?

A

Metabolism
Growth
Movement
Responsiveness
Differentiation
Reproduction

“My Grandmother Made Really Delicious Rice.”

33
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes in the body, including catabolism and anabolism.

34
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components.

35
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The building up of complex chemical substances from simpler components.

36
Q

What does responsiveness refer to?

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment.

37
Q

How do muscle cells respond to environmental changes?

A

By contracting to generate force and movement.

38
Q

Give an example of movement in the human body.

A

The coordinated action of leg muscles to move the body when walking or running.

39
Q

What contributes to growth in the human body?

A

Increase in cell size, increase in the number of cells, or an increase in the material between cells.

40
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell develops from an unspecialized to a specialized state.

41
Q

What does reproduction refer to in biological terms?

A

The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual.

42
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Precursor cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation.

43
Q

What are clinical indicators of death in the human body?

A

Loss of heartbeat, absence of spontaneous breathing, and loss of brain functions.

44
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment, despite changes in external conditions.

45
Q

Why is homeostasis considered a dynamic condition?

A

Because the body’s parameters can shift among points within a narrow range to maintain life in response to changing conditions.

46
Q

What is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

A

The fluid within cells, also called cytosol.

47
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

The extracellular fluid that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues.

48
Q

How does the cardiovascular system contribute to homeostasis?

A

It transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood plasma and interstitial fluid.

49
Q

Which body systems help eliminate CO2 and nitrogen-containing wastes?

A

The respiratory system eliminates CO2, while the urinary system eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes like urea and ammonia.

50
Q

What are two main body systems that regulate homeostasis?

A

The nervous system and the endocrine system.

51
Q

How does the nervous system regulate homeostasis?

A

By sending electrical signals (nerve impulses) that prompt quick changes to maintain balance.

52
Q

How does the endocrine system regulate homeostasis?

A

By secreting hormones into the blood, which generally work more slowly to maintain balance.

53
Q

What type of feedback system is typically used to maintain homeostasis?

A

Negative feedback systems.

54
Q

Give an example of a disruption in homeostasis from the external environment.

A

Intense heat on a hot summer day or a lack of oxygen during intense exercise.

55
Q

Name a psychological factor that can disrupt homeostasis.

A

Psychological stresses from work or school demands.

56
Q

What is a feedback system in the body?

A

A feedback system is a cycle of events where a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, and re-monitored.

57
Q

What is a controlled condition in a feedback system?

A

A controlled condition is a monitored variable, such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level.

58
Q

What triggers a change in the controlled condition?

A

A stimulus.

59
Q

What are the three basic components of a feedback system?

A

Receptor, control center, and effector.

60
Q

What role does the receptor play in a feedback system?

A

monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to the control center via the afferent pathway.

61
Q

What is the afferent pathway?

A

The path where information flows toward the control center.

62
Q

What is the control center’s function in a feedback system?

A

It sets the range for a controlled condition, evaluates input from receptors, and generates output commands if needed.

63
Q

How does information flow from the control center?

A

Through the efferent pathway, where information flows away from the control center.

64
Q

What is the role of an effector in a feedback system?

A

It receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition.

65
Q

How does the body respond to a drop in body temperature?

A

The brain sends nerve impulses to skeletal muscles, causing shivering, which generates heat to raise body temperature.

66
Q

What is the primary function of a negative feedback system?

A

To reverse a change in a controlled condition.

67
Q

In the regulation of blood pressure, what role do baroreceptors play?

A

They act as receptors that detect changes in blood pressure and send nerve impulses to the brain.

68
Q

What happens when blood pressure increases in a negative feedback loop?

A

The brain sends signals to decrease heart rate and dilate blood vessels, lowering blood pressure.

69
Q

Why is it called a negative feedback system?

A

Because the response negates or reverses the original stimulus that caused the change.

70
Q

How does a positive feedback system differ from a negative one?

A

It reinforces or strengthens the change in a controlled condition.

71
Q

What is a classic example of a positive feedback system in the human body?

A

Childbirth, where contractions become stronger due to the release of oxytocin.

72
Q

During childbirth, what do stretch-sensitive nerve cells monitor?

A

The amount of stretching of the cervix.

73
Q

What role does oxytocin play in the positive feedback loop of childbirth?

A

It is released by the pituitary gland and causes stronger uterine contractions.

74
Q

What interrupts the positive feedback loop during childbirth?

A

The birth of the baby, which ceases the stretching of the cervix and stops the release of oxytocin.

Kin 267 (Phys. 1) (7 decks)

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