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Kin 267 (Phys. 1) > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

what is bone?

A

Bone is an organ made up of several different tissues working together.

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2
Q

what tissues make up bone?

A

bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, adipose and nervous tissue.

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3
Q

what constitutes the skeletal system?

A

The entire framework of bones and their cartilages

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4
Q

osteology

A

The study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders

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5
Q

what are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Provides support
  • Protects the internal organs (brain, heart, etc.)
  • Assists body movements (in conjunction with muscles)
  • Mineral homeostasis - stores and releases calcium and phosphorus
  • Participates in blood cell production (hemopoiesis)
  • Stores triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow

Remember: “PAMPS Saves” (or “PAMPS”)

Each letter represents: P - Protects and Provides support A - Assists movement M - Mineral homeostasis P - Produces blood cells (hemopoiesis) S - Stores fat (triglycerides)

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6
Q

Q: What is the support function of bones?

A

A: Bones provide a framework for the body and attachment points for muscles

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7
Q

Q: How do bones provide protection?

A

A: Bones protect internal organs (e.g., skull protects brain, ribs protect heart and lungs)

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8
Q

Q: How do bones assist in movement?

A

A: Muscles attach to bones and contract to pull on them, enabling body movement

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9
Q

Q: What is the mineral function of bones?

A

A: Bones store and release calcium and phosphorus to maintain mineral balance

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10
Q

Q: What is hemopoiesis?

A

A: Blood cell production that occurs in red bone marrow (creates red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets)

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11
Q

Q: What is stored in yellow bone marrow?

A

A: Triglycerides (fats) are stored as energy reserves

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12
Q

Q: What surrounds the cells in bone tissue?

A

A: An abundant extracellular matrix

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13
Q

Q: What are the three main components of bone’s extracellular matrix and their percentages?

A

A: 15% water, 30% collagen, 55% mineralized salts

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14
Q

Q: What is hydroxyapatite?

A

A: Crystals formed by the combination of calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

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15
Q

Q: What gives bone its hardness?

A

A: Crystallized inorganic mineral salts

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16
Q

Q: What provides bone its flexibility?

A

A: Collagen fibers

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17
Q

Q: What happens when bone is soaked in acid?

A

A: The mineral salts dissolve, leaving the bone rubbery and flexible

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18
Q

Q: What are the two main cell processes involving bone minerals?

A

A: Calcification (hardening process by osteoblasts) and breakdown (by osteoclasts)

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19
Q

what are the 4 types of cells that bone contains?

A

osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

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20
Q

Q: What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

A: Bone stem cells that can divide and differentiate into other bone cell types

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21
Q

Q: What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

A: They are bone-building cells that secrete matrix and initiate calcification

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22
Q

Q: What are osteocytes?

A

A: Mature bone cells that maintain daily bone metabolism and cannot divide

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23
Q

Q: What do osteoclasts do?

A

A: They break down bone matrix (bone resorption) and help regulate blood calcium levels

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24
Q

Q: How are osteoclasts formed?

A

A: Through the fusion of up to 50 monocytes (white blood cells)

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25
Q

Q: What happens to osteoblasts when they get trapped in their own secretions?

A

A: They become osteocytes

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26
Q

Q: What do osteoprogenitor cells do?

A

A: They divide and develop into osteoblasts.

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27
Q

Q: What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

A: Osteoblasts build bone by secreting the bone extracellular matrix and initiating calcification.

28
Q

Q: What are osteocytes?

A

A: Mature bone cells that maintain daily bone tissue functions.

29
Q

Q: What do osteoclasts do?

A

A: They break down bone extracellular matrix (bone resorption) and regulate calcium levels.

30
Q

Q: From which lineage do osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteocytes originate?

A

A: Bone cell lineage.

31
Q

Q: From which lineage do osteoclasts originate?

A

A: White blood cell lineage.

32
Q

Q: Why do osteoclasts have a ruffled border?

A

A: To release enzymes and acids for bone resorption.

33
Q

Q: What is bone remodeling?

A

A: A continuous process of bone renewal that involves bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone deposition by osteoblasts.

34
Q

Q: What are the two main processes in bone remodeling?

A

A:
1. Bone resorption: Removal of minerals and collagen by osteoclasts.
2. Bone deposition (formation): Addition of minerals and collagen by osteoblasts.

35
Q

Q: How much of the bone mass is remodeled at any time?

A

A: About 5%.

36
Q

Q: Why is bone remodeling important?

A

A:

  • Removes injured bone and replaces it with new tissue.
  • Adapts bone to stress, making it thicker and stronger.
  • Alters bone shape for proper support.
  • Makes new bone more fracture-resistant.
37
Q

Q: What is the role of osteoclasts in bone resorption?

A

A:
Attach to bone and form a leakproof seal.

Release enzymes and acids to digest collagen and dissolve minerals.

Transport decomposed materials like calcium and phosphorus into the bloodstream.

38
Q

Q: What happens after osteoclasts resorb bone?

A

A: Osteoblasts move in and rebuild the bone.

39
Q

Q: Why do certain bones, like the distal femur, remodel faster?

A

A: The distal femur is replaced about every 4 months due to its higher stress levels compared to other areas of the femur that might not be fully replaced in a lifetime.

40
Q

Q: What are the two main types of bone tissue?

A

A: 1. Compact (dense) bone 2. Spongy (trabecular/cancellous) bone

41
Q

Q: What are the main characteristics of compact bone?

A

A:
Strongest type of bone tissue

Few spaces
Located beneath periosteum
Provides protection and support
Resists weight and movement strains

42
Q

What are the main characteristics of spongy bone?

A

A:
Lightweight structure

Located in bone interior
Contains irregular bone lamellae
Has spaces between trabeculae
Protected by outer layer of compact bone

43
Q

What is found in the spaces of spongy bone?

A

A:
Red bone marrow (in blood-cell-producing bones)

Yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue)

Blood vessels

44
Q

Q: What are trabeculae?

A

A: Thin columns of bone tissue found in spongy bone

45
Q

Q: Where is compact bone typically found?

A

A: Beneath the periosteum of all bones and makes up most of the diaphyses in long bones

46
Q

Q: What are the advantages of spongy bone’s structure?

A

A:
Lightweight design allows easier muscle movement

Supports and protects red bone marrow

Provides internal support while maintaining lighter weight

47
Q

Q: How much of the body’s calcium is stored in bones?

A

A: 99%

48
Q

Q: What are the important functions of calcium in the body?

A

A:
Nerve and muscle function

Blood clotting

Enzyme activities

Preventing cardiac/respiratory arrest

49
Q

Q: What is the normal blood calcium range?

A

A: 9-11 mg/100 mL

50
Q

Q: What happens when blood calcium levels drop?

A

A: The parathyroid gland releases PTH (parathyroid hormone)

51
Q

Q: What are the three main effects of PTH?

A

A: 1. Stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium from bone
2. Enhances kidney calcium retention
3. Promotes calcitriol formation for calcium absorption

52
Q

Q: What is calcitonin and what does it do?

A

A:
Released by thyroid’s parafollicular cells

Decreases blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts

Increases bone calcium uptake

53
Q

Q: How do bones act as a calcium buffer?

A

A:

Osteoclasts release calcium into blood when levels are low

Osteoblasts absorb calcium from blood when levels are high

54
Q

Q: What triggers PTH secretion?

A

A: A drop in blood calcium levels (hypocalcemia).

55
Q

Q: How does PTH affect osteoclast activity?

A

A: It increases osteoclast activity, which breaks down bone tissue to release calcium into the blood.

56
Q

Q: How does PTH affect osteoblast activity?

A

A: It reduces osteoblast activity, decreasing calcium deposition into bone to conserve calcium in the blood.

57
Q

Q: How does PTH influence phosphate excretion?

A

A: It increases urinary phosphate excretion, preventing the formation of calcium phosphate crystals (hydroxyapatite), keeping more calcium in the blood.

58
Q

Q: How does PTH affect urinary calcium excretion?

A

A: It reduces urinary calcium excretion, conserving calcium in the blood.

59
Q

Q: What is the result of PTH action on blood calcium levels?

A

A: Blood calcium levels return to normal, preventing hypocalcemia.

60
Q

Q: Why is maintaining stable calcium levels important?

A

A: Stable calcium levels are essential for muscle and nerve activity, as well as other vital functions.

61
Q

Q: What triggers calcitonin secretion?

A

A: High blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia).

62
Q

Q: Which gland secretes calcitonin?

A

A: The thyroid gland.

63
Q

Q: How does calcitonin affect osteoclast activity?

A

A: It reduces osteoclast activity, decreasing bone resorption and calcium release into the blood.

64
Q

Q: How does calcitonin affect osteoblast activity?

A

A: It increases osteoblast activity, leading to more calcium being pulled from the blood and deposited into bone tissue.

65
Q

Q: What is the result of calcitonin secretion?

A

A: Blood calcium levels decrease and return to normal.

66
Q

Q: What are the overall actions of calcitonin?

A

A:

Reduced calcium release from bones

Increased calcium deposition into bones

67
Q

Q: Why is calcitonin important?

A

A: It protects the body from harmful effects of excessively high blood calcium levels.

Kin 267 (Phys. 1) (17 decks)

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