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Kin 267 (Phys. 1) > Endocrine System (Pt. 2) > Flashcards

Endocrine System (Pt. 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What types of hormones does the hypothalamus secrete to control the pituitary gland?

A

Releasing and inhibiting hormones

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2
Q

What is the main function of these hypothalamic hormones?

A

They control the release of hormones by the pituitary gland

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3
Q

How do hormones from the hypothalamus reach the pituitary gland?

A

Via the hypophyseal portal system

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4
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

A specialized blood vessel system that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

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5
Q

Why is the hypophyseal portal system important?

A

allows for direct delivery of hypothalamic hormones to the pituitary, enabling precise control

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6
Q

What are releasing hormones?

A

Hormones that stimulate the pituitary to release specific hormones

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7
Q

What are inhibiting hormones?

A

Hormones that prevent or reduce the release of specific pituitary hormones

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8
Q

How does this system demonstrate the hierarchical nature of the endocrine system?

A

It shows how one gland (hypothalamus) controls another (pituitary) through hormone signaling

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9
Q

Why is the pituitary often called the “master gland”?

A

Because its hormones control many other endocrine glands, but it’s itself controlled by the hypothalamus

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10
Q

Why is the connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland important?

A

It coordinates the release of hormones that regulate many bodily functions

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11
Q

What regulates the pituitary gland?

A

The hypothalamus

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12
Q

How many hormones does the hypothalamus produce to regulate the pituitary?

A

At least nine

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13
Q

What areas do hypothalamic hormones affect?

A

Growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis

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14
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

A specialized network of blood vessels connecting the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland

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15
Q

What’s the main function of the hypophyseal portal system?

A

It allows quick and direct transport of hypothalamic hormones to the pituitary gland

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16
Q

Why is the hypophyseal portal system important for hormone regulation?

A

It ensures precise regulation of hormone release, allowing immediate hypothalamic influence on the pituitary

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17
Q

What percentage of the pituitary gland’s weight does the anterior lobe make up?

A

75%

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18
Q

What does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete?

A

Hormones

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19
Q

What are hormones that target other endocrine glands called?

A

Tropic hormones

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20
Q

What type of tissue is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland made of?

A

Neural tissue

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21
Q

How many hormones does the posterior lobe store and release?

A

Two

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22
Q

Where are the hormones stored in the posterior lobe produced?

A

The hypothalamus

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23
Q

Name the two hormones stored and released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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24
Q

What is the main function of the anterior pituitary?

A

To secrete hormones that regulate various body functions, including growth and reproduction

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25
Q

What hormone do somatotrophic cells secrete?

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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26
Q

Which cells secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

Thyrotrophic cells

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27
Q

What hormones are secreted by gonadotrophic cells?

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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28
Q

What hormone do prolactin cells secrete?

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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29
Q

Which hormones are secreted by corticotrophic cells?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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30
Q

Does the posterior pituitary produce its own hormones?

A

No, it stores and releases hormones produced elsewhere

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31
Q

Which two hormones does the posterior pituitary store and release?

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin

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32
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

It is involved in childbirth and lactation

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33
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin regulate?

A

Water balance and blood pressure

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34
Q

What is the composition of the posterior pituitary?

A

Axons and terminals of over 10,000 neurosecretory cells originating in the hypothalamus

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35
Q

How do hormones reach the posterior pituitary from the hypothalamus?

A

They travel down the axons through the hypothalamic–hypophyseal tract

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36
Q

list the hormones of the anterior pituitary

A
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
  • Thyroid-Stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Follicle stimulating hormones (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Melanocyte-Stimulating hormone (MSH)
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37
Q

What is GH secreted by?

A

Somatotrophic cells.

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38
Q

GH - Hypothalamic Releasing Hormone (Stimulates Secretion)

A

Growth hormone-­releasing hormone (GHRH), also known as somatocrinin.

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39
Q

GH - Hypothalamic Inhibiting Hormone (Suppresses Secretion)

A

Growth hormone-­inhibiting hormone (GHIH), also known as somatostatin.

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40
Q

what is TSH secreted by?

A

Thyrotrophic cells.

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41
Q

Which hypothalamic releasing hormone stimulates the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

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42
Q

What hormone is secreted by gonadotrophs?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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43
Q

Which hypothalamic releasing hormone stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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44
Q

What hormone is secreted by lactotrophs?

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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45
Q

Which hypothalamic releasing hormone stimulates the secretion of prolactin (PRL)?

A

Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)

46
Q

Which hypothalamic inhibiting hormone suppresses the secretion of prolactin (PRL)?

A

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH), also known as dopamine

47
Q

What hormone is secreted by corticotrophs?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

48
Q

Which hypothalamic releasing hormone stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

49
Q

which cells secrete MSH? (melanocyte stimulating hormone)

A

Corticotropic cells

50
Q

MSH - Hypothalamic Releasing Hormone (Stimulates Secretion)

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).

51
Q

MSH - Hypothalamic Inhibiting Hormone (Suppresses Secretion)

A

Dopamine

52
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) secreted by:

A

Gonadotrophic cells

53
Q

LH - Hypothalamic Releasing Hormone (Stimulates Secretion)

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

54
Q

Prolactin (PRL) - secreted by:

A

prolactin cells

55
Q

Prolactin (PRL) - Hypothalamic Releasing Hormone (Stimulates Secretion)

A

Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH).*

56
Q

Prolactin (PRL) - Hypothalamic Inhibiting Hormone (Suppresses Secretion)

A

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH), which is dopamine.

57
Q

the anterior pituitary gland secretes:

A

Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

58
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Stimulates liver, muscle, cartilage bone and other tissues to synthesize and secrete insulin-like growth factors, which in turn promote growth of body tissues.

59
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Purpose: Essential for reproduction.

In Women: It helps control the menstrual cycle and promotes the growth of eggs in the ovaries.

In Men: It aids in the production of sperm.

60
Q

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Purpose: Signals the thyroid gland to produce hormones that control your body’s metabolism, which is how your body uses energy.

61
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Purpose: Also important for reproduction.

In Women: It works with FSH to ensure normal functioning of the ovaries and triggers ovulation.

In Men: It stimulates the production of testosterone from the testes.

62
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Purpose: Primarily associated with milk production after childbirth.

Additional Role: It has over 300 different functions in the body, including roles in regulating the immune system and behavior.

63
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Purpose: Stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol, a hormone that helps respond to stress, regulate metabolism, and control inflammation.

64
Q

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

A

Purpose: Influences pigmentation (color) of the skin.

Additional Role: May play a role in appetite and sexual arousal, although these roles are less understood.

65
Q

what hormone acts directly on target cells to enhance lipolysis and decrease glucose uptake?

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

66
Q

stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland:

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

67
Q

in females, initiates development of oocytes and induces ovarian secretion of estrogen.

in males, stimulates testes to produce sperm

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

68
Q

in females, stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone, ovulation, and formation of corpus luteum. In males, stimulates testes to produce testosterone.

A

luteinizing hormone

69
Q

How does Growth Hormone (GH) promote tissue growth?

A

By stimulating cells to multiply and increasing cell size, particularly in bones and muscles

70
Q

What does GH stimulate the liver to produce?

A

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II)

71
Q

How does GH affect protein synthesis?

A

It increases DNA transcription to mRNA, enhancing protein synthesis

72
Q

What is the effect of GH on amino acid transport and protein catabolism?

A

It boosts amino acid transport into cells and decreases protein breakdown

73
Q

How does GH influence lipid metabolism?

A

It stimulates fat cells to release free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerol

74
Q

What is the “protein sparing” effect of GH?

A

It promotes the use of fats for energy, sparing proteins for growth and repair

75
Q

How does GH affect carbohydrate metabolism?

A

reduces glucose use by body cells and stimulates liver to produce more glucose

76
Q

What is the “glucose sparing effect” of GH?

A

It ensures the brain has enough glucose by reducing its use in other body cells

77
Q

How does GH influence electrolyte balance?

A

It promotes retention of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions, and increases calcium absorption

78
Q

What are the main electrolytes affected by GH?

A

Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), and calcium (Ca2+)

79
Q

Q: What role does Growth Hormone (GH) play in tissue growth?

A

GH stimulates cell multiplication and increases cell size, promoting the growth of bones and muscles.

80
Q

How does GH affect the liver?

A

GH stimulates the liver to produce insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II), which promote cell growth and development.

81
Q

Q: How does GH affect amino acid transport and protein catabolism?

A

A: GH boosts amino acid transport into cells and decreases protein breakdown, contributing to muscle growth and maintenance.

82
Q

Q: How does GH affect carbohydrate metabolism?

A

GH reduces glucose use by body cells, ensuring more glucose is available for the brain and stimulating the liver to release more glucose into the blood.

83
Q

Q: What is the role of GH in lipid metabolism?

A

A: GH stimulates fat cells to release free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerol, promoting the use of fats for energy and sparing proteins for growth and repair.

84
Q

Q: What is the role of GH in maintaining electrolyte balance?

A

A: GH promotes the retention of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-) ions, and increases calcium (Ca2+) absorption, which are important for cellular functions.

85
Q

What is the trend as exercise intensity increases?

A

there is a significant increase in plasma growth hormone levels.

86
Q

How do growth hormone levels respond to low-intensity exercise (below 20% VO2 max)?

A

A: At low intensity, there is little to no change in growth hormone levels.

87
Q

Q: What happens to growth hormone levels during moderate to high-intensity exercise, especially approaching 100% VO2 max?

A

A: Growth hormone levels increase significantly as exercise intensity approaches maximal levels (100% VO2 max).

88
Q

relationship between intense physical activity and growth hormone release:

A

intense physical activity stimulates the release of growth hormone, which aids in metabolism, muscle growth, and recovery.

89
Q

Q: What role does growth hormone (GH) play in childhood and adolescence?

A

A: GH helps bones, cartilage, and muscles grow, which makes kids and teens grow taller and stronger.

90
Q

Q: How does GH affect growth at the epiphyseal plates in children and adolescents?

A

A: GH promotes growth at the epiphyseal plates, contributing to height increases during growth spurts.

91
Q

Q: What is the role of GH in adulthood?

A

A: In adults, GH helps maintain bone health by increasing osteoblast activity, leading to thicker bones and continuous bone remodeling.

92
Q

Q: How do GH levels change with age?

A

A: GH levels decrease with age, and by age 75, GH levels are about a quarter of what they were during adolescence.

93
Q

Q: When are GH levels higher throughout the day?

A

A: GH levels are higher during deep sleep, after high-protein meals, and after vigorous exercise.

94
Q

Q: Why are GH levels lower after high-carbohydrate meals?

A

A: GH levels are lower after high-carbohydrate meals because carbohydrates provide quick energy, reducing the need for GH’s energy and tissue repair benefits.

95
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea

96
Q

Q: What does TSH stimulate the thyroid gland to produce?

A

A: TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

97
Q

Q: How do T3 and T4 affect basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A

A: T3 and T4 elevate BMR, increasing the body’s energy use at rest to maintain vital functions.

98
Q

Q: What role do T3 and T4 play in body temperature regulation?

A

A: T3 and T4 help maintain normal body temperature by increasing heat production through elevated BMR.

99
Q

Q: How do thyroid hormones affect protein synthesis?

A

A: T3 and T4 stimulate protein synthesis, aiding in growth, tissue repair, and maintaining muscle mass.

100
Q

Q: How do T3 and T4 enhance energy production in cells?

A

A: They increase the use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production, providing energy for cellular functions.

101
Q

Q: What effect do T3 and T4 have on beta (β) receptors?

A

T3 and T4 upregulate beta receptors, making tissues more responsive to catecholamines like adrenaline.

102
Q

Q: How do thyroid hormones work with GH and insulin?

A

T3 and T4 work with GH and insulin to accelerate body growth, supporting bone development and protein production.

103
Q

Q: What regulates the secretion of TSH?

A

A: TSH secretion is controlled by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus.

104
Q

Q: What is the role of the negative feedback loop in TSH regulation?

A

A: High levels of T3 and T4 signal the hypothalamus to reduce TRH production, which lowers TSH release.

105
Q

Q: Is there a specific hormone that inhibits TSH directly?

A

A: No, there isn’t a specific hormone that directly inhibits TSH.

106
Q

what hormone (produced by the thyroid gland) helps regulate calcium homeostasis and bone maintnance?

A

calcitonin

107
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

Calcitonin is produced by the C cells (parafollicular cells) in the thyroid gland.

108
Q

What is the main function of calcitonin?

A

Calcitonin helps regulate calcium levels in the blood by lowering them when they are too high.

109
Q

How is calcitonin secretion regulated?

A

Calcitonin is secreted when blood calcium levels are high, in a negative feedback system to lower these levels.

110
Q

What triggers the release of calcitonin, and what effect does it have?

A

High blood calcium levels trigger the thyroid gland to release calcitonin, which inhibits osteoclasts and decreases blood calcium levels by incorporating calcium into bones.

111
Q

What triggers the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH), and what effect does it have?

A

Low blood calcium levels trigger the parathyroid glands to release PTH, which stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium from bones and helps the kidneys reabsorb calcium, raising blood calcium levels.

112
Q

How do calcitonin and PTH maintain calcium homeostasis?

A

Calcitonin lowers high calcium levels, while PTH raises low calcium levels, both working through a negative feedback loop to keep calcium within a healthy range.

Kin 267 (Phys. 1) (14 decks)

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