Chapter 3 - (Pt.3) Flashcards
cell division and cancer (109 cards)
Q: What is cell division?
A: Cell division is the process by which a cell reproduces itself, consisting of nuclear division (mitosis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis). It includes somatic and reproductive cell division.
Q: What are somatic cells?
A: Somatic cells are all body cells except those involved in reproduction. They undergo somatic cell division.
Q: What occurs during somatic cell division?
A: mitosis and cytokinesis, which create two identical cells with the same chromosomes as the original. This process replaces dead or injured cells and supports tissue growth
Q: What are germ cells?
A: Germ cells include gametes (sperm and oocytes) and precursor cells that develop into gametes.
Q: What happens during reproductive cell division?
A: Meiosis produces gametes by halving the chromosome number, preparing for sexual reproduction to ensure the next generation has the correct chromosome count.
Q: What is a somatic cell in the human body?
A: It is any cell of the human body besides a germ cell involved in reproduction.
Q: What process do somatic cells undergo for division?
A: Somatic cell division consists of mitosis and cytokinesis.
Q: What are reproductive cells responsible for producing?
A: They produce gametes, which are sperm and oocytes.
Q: What is the process of reproductive cell division called?
A: Reproductive cell division is called meiosis.
Q: What is the cell cycle?
A: It is the growth and division of a single cell into two identical cells, consisting of interphase and the mitotic phase.
Q: How many pairs of chromosomes do human somatic cells have?
A: Human somatic cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes, totaling 46.
Q: What are homologous chromosomes?
A: They are two chromosomes that belong to a pair, containing similar genes in similar arrangements (also called homologs).
Q: What is distinct about sex chromosomes in humans?
A: Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one smaller Y chromosome.
Q: What does it mean for a cell to be diploid?
A: A diploid cell (2n) has two sets of chromosomes.
Q: What occurs during interphase?
A: The cell is not dividing but prepares for division by replicating DNA, producing additional organelles, and synthesizing cytosolic components.
Q: What happens in the G1 phase of interphase?
A: The cell grows and performs normal functions without DNA replication.
Q: What occurs during the S phase of interphase?
A: DNA is synthesized and replicated.
Q: Describe the G2 phase of interphase.
A: The cell continues to grow and prepares for division after DNA replication.
Q: What happens in the mitotic phase of the cell cycle?
A: The cell divides to form two new identical cells.
Q: What happens during the G1 phase of interphase?
A: The cell is metabolically active, duplicates organelles and cytosolic components, and centrosome replication begins.
Q: What occurs during the S phase of interphase?
A: DNA is replicated.
Q: What happens in the G2 phase of interphase?
A: Cell growth continues, and enzymes and other proteins are synthesized; centrosome replication is completed.
Q: What is the G0 phase?
A: It is the phase where the cell exits the cell cycle and is non-dividing.
Q: How long does the S phase typically last?
A: About 8 hours.