Endocrine System Pt 2 Flashcards
Chemical messengers
Hormones
Affects the bodily activities by releasing chemical messengers called hormones into the bloodstream.
The endocrine system
Hormones are chemically diverse, they are grouped into what three principal classes?
Amines
Proteins&peptides
Steroids
Derived from one or two amino acids.
Exp. epinephrine , norepinephrine , thyroid hormone
Amines
Consists of three or more amino acids.
Exp. all pituitary hormones and insulin
Proteins and peptides
Derived from cholesterol.
Exp. estrogen and testosterone
Steroids
Secrete their products through ducts. They include sudoriferous, sebaceous, ceruminous, mucus, mammary, and some digestive glands
Exocrine glands
Are ductless glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid.
Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid , adrenal, pineal, thymus
Endocrine glands
Known as the “Master Gland” bc it releases several hormones, some of which control the release of other hormones.
Pituitary gland
What are the 7 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, HGH, MSH, PROLACTIN
Stimulates the ovum and sperm production
Follicle stimulating hormone
Stimulates ovulation and production of testosterone
Luteinizing hormone
Regulates secretion by the adrenal gland
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Regulates the secretion by the thyroid gland
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Stimulates protein synthesis and bone growth
Human growth hormone
Stimulates milk production
Prolactin
Stimulates melanin production
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Decreases urine production
posterior lobe of pituitary
Antidiuretic hormone
Stimulates labor ( posterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Oxytocin
Located in the neck, this gland secretes t3 and t4, hormones that regulates metabolism. It also secrets calcitonin, a hormone that increases calcium deposition in bone
Thyroid gland
Located on either side of the thyroid glands, these glands secrete parathyroid hormone which increases levels of calcium in the blood.
Parathyroid glands
Located in the chest, this gland is very active in youth, but shrinks in adults. It’s hormones are active in T cell maturation and sexual maturation.
Thymus gland
Two glands, each one located on top of a kidney, they are divided into two regions- the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla
Adrenal glands
Produced in the adrenal cortex- it stimulates the reabsorption of sodium and water
Aldosterone
Produced in the adrenal cortex- stimulates breakdown of glucose, fat and protein; weakens the immune system and increases BP
Cortisol
Produced in the adrenal cortex- secondary site of production or testosterone and estrogen
Androgens
Produced in the adrenal medulla- stimulates the sympathetic nervous system producing the fight of flight response
Epinephrine or adrenaline
Produced in the adrenal medulla- along with epinephrine it stimulates the fight or flight response and plays a role in ATTENTION AND FOCUS. And also serve as a neurotransmitter.
Norepinephrine
Secretes melatonin which causes drowsiness
Pineal gland
Located in the upper abdomen near the stomach, and is both an exocrine and endocrine gland, which secretes digestive enzymes trough ducts that enter the small intestines and also secretes two hormones
Pancreas
Secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas, it allows glucose to enter the cell
Insulin
Secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas, it increases blood glucose by causing the liver and the skeletal muscle to break down glycogen
Glucogen
The female and male reproductive organs
Ovaries and testes
Secrete estrogen, progesterone , and relaxin
Ovaries
Secrete testosterone
Testes
Secretes gastrin which stimulates production and secretion of gastric juices, bile and other digestive enzymes
Stomach
Secrete cholecystokinin, a hormone that stimulates release of bile and pancreatic enzymes and secretin, a hormone that stimulates pancreatic release of an alkaline fluid to neutralize the stomach acid
Intestines
Secretes atrial natriuretic hormone which decreases water and sodium thereby decreasing blood pressure
Heart
Secretes chorionic gonadotropin which stimulates secretion and estrogen and progesterone and decreases lymphocyte activation
Placenta
Secretes a hormone called leptin which inhibits appetite
Adipose tissue
Vitamin d are formed in the epidermal layer of the skin
Skin
Produced by cells in the kidney and the liver . Promotes production and survival or red blood cells. It’s also plays a role in the brains response to neuronal injury and in the wound healing process
Erythropoietin
