Endocrine System(Complete)

Question 1

What are hormones?

Answer 1

Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands.

They travel in the bloodstream to target an organ, where they cause a response.

Question 2

What are the chemical nature of many hormones?

Answer 2

Proteins

Question 3

What hormones are made using cholesterol?

Answer 3

Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone

Question 4

What features do endocrine glands have?

Answer 4

They are ductless glands

They secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

Question 5

GIve examples of endocrine glands.

Answer 5

Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenals

Question 6

What features do exocrine glands have?

Answer 6

They have ducts

They deliver their secretions through ducts that carry them to their destination

Question 7

Give examples of exocrine glands.

Answer 7

Salivary glands
Sweat Glands
Tear Glands

Question 8

Compare the endocrine and the nervous system.

Answer 8

Endocrine system:
Chemical transmission
Slower action
Widespread- many target organs
Long-lasting effect

Nervous system:
Electrical transmission
Fast action
Localised-specific target organs
Short term effects

Question 9

Explain why hormonal responses are slower than nervous responses.

Answer 9

Hormonal responses are chemical

Nervous responses are electrical

Question 10

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 10

The base of the brain

Question 11

What hormone does the pituitary gland produce?

Answer 11

Human growth hormone

Question 12

What is the function of the human growth hormone?

Answer 12

Causes elongation of the skeleton

It stimulates body cells to absorb amino acids and build protein

Question 13

Where is the pineal gland located?

Answer 13

Within the brain

Question 14

What hormone does the pineal gland produce?

Answer 14

Melatonin

Question 15

What is the function of melatonin?

Answer 15

It causes mental relaxation and sleep

Enhances immunity

Question 16

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Answer 16

Under the thalamus

Within the brain

Question 17

What hormone does the hypothalamus produce?

Answer 17

TRH-Thyroid Releasing Hormone

Question 18

What is the function of TRH?

Answer 18

It stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete TSH-Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Question 19

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 19

In the neck, on the trachea

Question 20

What hormone does the thyroid gland produce?

Answer 20

Thyroxine

Question 21

What is the function of thyroxine?

Answer 21

Regulates the rate of metabolism, eg how fast mitochondria undergo aerobic respiration.

Question 22

Where are parathyroids located?

Answer 22

Within the thyroid gland in the neck

Question 23

What hormone do parathyroids produce?

Answer 23

Parathormone

Question 24

What is the function of parathormone?

Answer 24

Regulates calcium metabolism, causes removal of calcium from the bone and adds it to blood plasma.

Question 25

Where is the thymus gland located?

Answer 25

Behind the sternum | In the upper thoracic cavity

Question 26

What hormone does the thymus gland produce?

Answer 26

Thymosin

Question 27

What is the function of thymosin?

Answer 27

Causes B and T lymphocytes to mature and fight infection

Question 28

Where are adrenal glands located?

Answer 28

On top of each kidney

Question 29

What hormone do the adrenal glands produce?

Answer 29

Adrenaline

Question 30

What are the functions of adrenalin?

Answer 30

improved mental alertness | Increases heart and breathing rates

Question 31

Where are islets of Langerhans located?

Answer 31

Within the pancreas

Question 32

What hormone do the islets of Langerhans produce?

Answer 32

Insulin

Question 33

What is the function of insulin?

Answer 33

Regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating muscle, fat and liver cells to absorb excess glucose from blood and store it as glycogen

Question 34

Explain why the pancreas may be described as a dual function gland.

Answer 34

The islets of Langerhan within the pancreas carry out the endocrine function by secreting the hormone insulin Most of the remainder of the gland acts as an exocrine gland by secreting pancreatic juice with digestive enzymes into the pancreatic duct and into the duodenum

Question 35

Give 2 hormone supplements.

Answer 35

Insulin | Oral contraceptive pills

Question 36

What is the role of insulin?

Answer 36

It is injected in the treatment of diabetes as insulin deficient

Question 37

What is diabetes?

Answer 37

A disease that is caused by the failure to make insulin or the inability of cells to absorb insulin

Question 38

What are the typical symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 38

``` High blood glucose levels Glucose present in urine Severe thirst Weight loss Fatigue ```

Question 39

How is diabetes treated?

Answer 39

Injections of insulin Controlling carbohydrates in the diet Regular exercise

Question 40

What hormones are found in oral contraceptive pills?

Answer 40

Oestrogen | Progesterone

Question 41

What is the function of the oral contraception pill?

Answer 41

High levels of oestrogen and progesterone inhibit LH and FSH | Ovulation can no longer occur

Question 42

What are the symptoms of a deficiency of thyroxine?

Answer 42

``` In children- reduced mental and physical development resulting in cretinism In adults- causes myxoedema: Physical and mental fatigue Weight gain Hair loss ```

Question 43

What are the corrective measures taken for someone with a deficiency in thyroxine?

Answer 43

Adults- ingest thyroid-hormone tablets called Eltroxin | Newborn babies- given thyroxine to prevent cretinism if thyroxine levels are low

Question 44

What are the symptoms of an excess of thyroxine?

Answer 44

``` Goitre- an enlarged thyroid gland Grave's disease: Raised heart and breathing rates Weight loss Bulging eyes ```

Question 45

What are the corrective measures taken for someone with an excess of thyroxine?

Answer 45

Surgical removal of a measured portion of thyroid gland | Ingesting radioactive iodine

Question 46

What is negative feedback?

Answer 46

When the level of a hormone in the blood controls the production of another hormone or itself

Question 47

Describe the control mechanism for thyroxine production.

Answer 47

Thyroxine levels in the blood are low: The pituitary gland secretes TSH TSH travels in the bloodstream to the thyroid gland and stimulates the production of more thyroxine This causes the levels of thyroxine to increase An increased level of thyroxine inhibits the production of TSH which in turn reduces the levels of thyroxine