Endocrine System Flashcards
hypothalamus
produces ADH and oxytocin (stimulates the uterus to contract) which are moved to the posterior pituitary prior to secretion
- size of grape
pituitary gland
the “master gland”
- size of a pea
thyroid gland
T3 and T4
parathyroid
blood calcium levels
adrenal glands
outer (cortex), inner (medulla)
cortex - steroids (cortisol and aldosterone - blood volume)
medulla - catecholamines (epi and norepi)
gonads
testes and ovaries
pancreas
control of the blood sugar levels (through insulin and glucogon)
secondary messengers
polypeptide hormones
steroid hormones
act on the cytosol or nucleus because they are able to cross the lipid membrane
adenylate cyclase’s role?
conversion of ATP to cAMP, which acts as a secondary messenger
generation of a steroid begins with…?
starts with adding a pyrophosphate with a terpene
generation of sterol occurs after this step
hypothalamus produces…?
GnRH, CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone), TRH (thyroid releasing hormone), GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone), PIF (prolactin inhibitory factor)
“A FLAT PEG” (which gland?)
anterior pituitary
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH - tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands
Prolactin, endorphin, and growth hormone - direct hormones that stimulate organs directly
posterior pituitary
“PPAO”
ADH and Oxytocin
types of hormones
“PST”
- protein/polypeptides
- steroids
- tyrosine derivatives
protein/polypeptide hormones facts:
most hormones (small to large), made in the rough ER and sent to golgi apparatus, excrete from the cell. they act on the surface of cells, sending a casade of secondary messengers inside the cell
steroids (types)
come from lipids/cholesterol
- go inside the cell as primary messengers, down to transcription and translation
- sex hormones
- adrenal cortex steroids
tyrosine-derivatives
made of 1 amino acid (tyrosine)
- sometimes act like proteins, sometimes like steroids
- T3 or T4 stimulate metabolism (act like steroids)
- catecholamines (epi, norepi) - act like peptides
adenylate cyclase
takes ATP and converts it into cAMP.
activated by a G-protein that received a signal from a receptor on the surface of a cell. a lots of cAMP can be initiated, which is a form of amplification
terpenes
made of repeating isoprenes (5 carbons)
monoterpene
e.g. menthol (two isoprenes, 10 carbons)
sequiterpene
e.g. ginger (three isoprenes, 15 carbons)
squalene
the basis of all steroid hormones, which forms cholesterol through ring-closing reactions in the liver
test
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