Endocrine System

Question 1

hypothalamus

Answer 1

produces ADH and oxytocin (stimulates the uterus to contract) which are moved to the posterior pituitary prior to secretion
- size of grape

Question 2

pituitary gland

Answer 2

the “master gland”

- size of a pea

Question 3

thyroid gland

Answer 3

T3 and T4

Question 4

parathyroid

Answer 4

blood calcium levels

Question 5

adrenal glands

Answer 5

outer (cortex), inner (medulla)
cortex - steroids (cortisol and aldosterone - blood volume)
medulla - catecholamines (epi and norepi)

Question 6

gonads

Answer 6

testes and ovaries

Question 7

pancreas

Answer 7

control of the blood sugar levels (through insulin and glucogon)

Question 8

secondary messengers

Answer 8

polypeptide hormones

Question 9

steroid hormones

Answer 9

act on the cytosol or nucleus because they are able to cross the lipid membrane

Question 10

adenylate cyclase’s role?

Answer 10

conversion of ATP to cAMP, which acts as a secondary messenger

Question 11

generation of a steroid begins with…?

Answer 11

starts with adding a pyrophosphate with a terpene

generation of sterol occurs after this step

Question 12

hypothalamus produces…?

Answer 12

GnRH, CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone), TRH (thyroid releasing hormone), GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone), PIF (prolactin inhibitory factor)

Question 13

“A FLAT PEG” (which gland?)

Answer 13

anterior pituitary

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH - tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands

Prolactin, endorphin, and growth hormone - direct hormones that stimulate organs directly

Question 14

posterior pituitary

Answer 14

“PPAO”

ADH and Oxytocin

Question 15

types of hormones

Answer 15

“PST”

1. protein/polypeptides
2. steroids
3. tyrosine derivatives

Question 16

protein/polypeptide hormones facts:

Answer 16

most hormones (small to large), made in the rough ER and sent to golgi apparatus, excrete from the cell. they act on the surface of cells, sending a casade of secondary messengers inside the cell

Question 17

steroids (types)

Answer 17

come from lipids/cholesterol

• go inside the cell as primary messengers, down to transcription and translation
• sex hormones
• adrenal cortex steroids

Question 18

tyrosine-derivatives

Answer 18

made of 1 amino acid (tyrosine)

• sometimes act like proteins, sometimes like steroids
• T3 or T4 stimulate metabolism (act like steroids)
• catecholamines (epi, norepi) - act like peptides

Question 19

adenylate cyclase

Answer 19

takes ATP and converts it into cAMP.

activated by a G-protein that received a signal from a receptor on the surface of a cell. a lots of cAMP can be initiated, which is a form of amplification

Question 20

terpenes

Answer 20

made of repeating isoprenes (5 carbons)

Question 21

monoterpene

Answer 21

e.g. menthol (two isoprenes, 10 carbons)

Question 22

sequiterpene

Answer 22

e.g. ginger (three isoprenes, 15 carbons)

Question 23

squalene

Answer 23

the basis of all steroid hormones, which forms cholesterol through ring-closing reactions in the liver

Question 24

test

Answer 24

test