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B4 Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Ductless gland whose secretion is released directly into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine gland

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2
Q

Glands making up the endocrine system

A

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal

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3
Q

Other organs that secrete hormones but are not part of the endocrine system

A 
Hypothalamus
Thymus
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Kidneys
Stomach
Liver
Small intestine
Skin
Heart
Adipose tissue
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4
Q

Define exocrine gland

A

Gland whose secretion is drained by ducts onto the body surface OR into a body cavity

DUCTED GLANDS

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5
Q

Examples of exocrine glands

A

Sebaceous
Sudiferous
Mammary

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6
Q

Define hormone

A

Substances produced in one part of the body and transported to another where they affect chemical actions or the secretion of other hormones

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7
Q

The body’s method of maintaining its internal environment within certain physiological limits

A

Homeostasis

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8
Q

Hormones affect only specific cells called

A

Target cells

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9
Q

Hormones that enter the bloodstream to reach distant target cells are called

A

Circulating hormones

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10
Q

Circulating hormones may remain in the blood for how long? And when will they stop?

A

Few minutes to few hours

When the liver inactivates it and kidneys excrete it

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11
Q

Hormones that do not enter the bloodstream to reach target cells are called

A

Local hormones

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12
Q

Paracrine

A

Local hormone acting on neighboring cells (histamine)

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13
Q

Autocrine

A

Local hormone acting on the same cell that secreted it (interleukin-2)

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14
Q

How are local hormones inactivated?

A

By enzymes in the interstitial fluid which surrounds cells

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15
Q

3 different hormone interactions

A

Permissive effect (one hormone enhances the effect of another hormone)

Synergistic effect (2 hormones working together are better than 1)

Antagonistic effect (1 hormone has a greater effect than another)

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16
Q

The synthesis and release of most hormones are through a. ___________________________, which is a corrective mechanism that helps maintain homeostasis

A

Negative feedback system

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17
Q

What stimulates or inhibits hormonal secretions?

A

Humoral stimuli (changing levels of ions and nutrients in the blood)

Hormonal stimuli (release of other hormones)

Neural stimuli (nervous system)

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18
Q

The “master” endocrine gland

A

Pituitary gland/hypophysis

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19
Q

Major link bringing together the nervous and endocrine systems

A

Hypothalamus

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20
Q

What does the hypothalamus synthesize?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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21
Q

Together, the hypophysis and hypothalamus regulate what?

A

Practically all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis

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22
Q

Location of the hypothalamus

A

Inferior to the two lobes of the thalamus

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23
Q

Location of the hypophysis

A

Sits in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. Located inferiorly to the hypothalamus

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24
Q

What attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum

25
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)

Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

26
Q

What stimulates the synthesis and release of hormones from the anterior lobe?

Suppresses?

A

Releasing hormones (RHs)

Inhibiting Hormones (IHs)

27
Q

There are _ different types of cells in the Anterior lobe that secretes _ major hormones.

A

5

7

28
Q

What secretes HGH?

A

Somatotrophs (of the anterior lobe of hypophysis)

29
Q

What secretes TSH?

A

Thyrotrophs, of the anterior lobe of hypophysis

30
Q

What produces FSH and LH?

A

Gonadotrophs of the anterior lobe of hypophysis

31
Q

What produces prolactin?

A

Lactotrophs of AL of PG

32
Q

What secretes adrenocoritotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocytes-stimulating hormone (MDH)?

A

Corticotrophs of AL of PG

33
Q

The PL of PG stores and releases what 2 hormones?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

Synthesized by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus

34
Q

Location of the thyroid gland

A

Right and left lobes lie on either side of the trachea

Isthmus lies anterior to the trachea

35
Q

Thyroid gland consists of __________ ____________

The wall of each of these structures consists of what 2 types of cells?

A

Thyroid follicles

Follicular cells and parafollicular cells

36
Q

What secretes T3 and T4?

A

Follicular cells of the thyroid gland

37
Q

What secretes calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

38
Q

Most important function of the thyroid hormones/gland

A

To increase basal metabolic rate (to maintain body temp)

39
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands?

A

On the posterior side of the thyroid gland.

40
Q

Parathyroid glands consists of what 2 cell types?

A

Principal/chief cells and oxyphil cells (function unknown)

41
Q

What secretes PTH?

A

Principal/chief cells of the PTG

42
Q

Location of the Adrenal/suprarenal glands

A

Paired, on each kidney

43
Q

Each adrenal gland has a covering _________ of CT, then the adrenal ________, and an innermost adrenal _________

A

Capsule
Cortex
Medulla

44
Q

3 zones of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa (controls water and electrolyte)

Zona fasciculata (increase fat and protein breakdown)

Zona reticularis (cells produce male sexual hormone)

45
Q

Adrenal medulla contains what type of cells? What do they secrete?

A

Chromatin cells

The fight or flight hormones, Epinephrine/Adrenaline and Norepinephrine/Noradrenaline

46
Q

Location of the pineal gland

A

Inferior to the posterior portion of the brains corpus callosum

47
Q

The pineal gland contains secretory cells called ____________ which form the hormone ___________

A

Pinealocytes

Melatonin

48
Q

Melatonin is important to JEREMY BECAUSE WHY

A

Its an antioxidant protecting the CNS and maintains CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

JEREMY

YOU NEED MELATONIN DUDE

49
Q

Functions of the pancreas (2 portions)

A

Exocrine portion (produces digestive enzymes)

Endocrine portion (produce hormones to raise and lower blood glucose)

50
Q

What makes of 99% of the pancreatic cells?

A

The exocrine portion (digestive enzymes)

51
Q

Clusters of exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes in pancreas

A

Acini

52
Q

In the acini, there’s 1-2 million tiny clusters of endocrine tissues called:

A

Islets of langerhans

53
Q

Each islet of langerhans contains 4 cells types:

A

A-cells
B-cells
D-cells
F-cells

54
Q

What produces glucagon?

A

alpha cells of pancreas

55
Q

What produces the insulin?

A

Beta cells of pancreas

56
Q

Function of glucagon

A

Raise blood glucose level

57
Q

Function of insulin

A

Lowers blood glucose levels

58
Q

Function of the ovaries

A

Produce the ovum

Produce sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

B4 Anatomy (10 decks)

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