Endocrine System

Question 1

Ductless gland whose secretion is released directly into the bloodstream

Answer 1

Endocrine gland

Question 2

Glands making up the endocrine system

Answer 2

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal

Question 3

Other organs that secrete hormones but are not part of the endocrine system

Answer 3

Hypothalamus
Thymus
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Kidneys
Stomach
Liver
Small intestine
Skin
Heart
Adipose tissue

Question 4

Define exocrine gland

Answer 4

Gland whose secretion is drained by ducts onto the body surface OR into a body cavity

DUCTED GLANDS

Question 5

Examples of exocrine glands

Answer 5

Sebaceous
Sudiferous
Mammary

Question 6

Define hormone

Answer 6

Substances produced in one part of the body and transported to another where they affect chemical actions or the secretion of other hormones

Question 7

The body’s method of maintaining its internal environment within certain physiological limits

Answer 7

Homeostasis

Question 8

Hormones affect only specific cells called

Answer 8

Target cells

Question 9

Hormones that enter the bloodstream to reach distant target cells are called

Answer 9

Circulating hormones

Question 10

Circulating hormones may remain in the blood for how long? And when will they stop?

Answer 10

Few minutes to few hours

When the liver inactivates it and kidneys excrete it

Question 11

Hormones that do not enter the bloodstream to reach target cells are called

Answer 11

Local hormones

Question 12

Paracrine

Answer 12

Local hormone acting on neighboring cells (histamine)

Question 13

Autocrine

Answer 13

Local hormone acting on the same cell that secreted it (interleukin-2)

Question 14

How are local hormones inactivated?

Answer 14

By enzymes in the interstitial fluid which surrounds cells

Question 15

3 different hormone interactions

Answer 15

Permissive effect (one hormone enhances the effect of another hormone)

Synergistic effect (2 hormones working together are better than 1)

Antagonistic effect (1 hormone has a greater effect than another)

Question 16

The synthesis and release of most hormones are through a. ___________________________, which is a corrective mechanism that helps maintain homeostasis

Answer 16

Negative feedback system

Question 17

What stimulates or inhibits hormonal secretions?

Answer 17

Humoral stimuli (changing levels of ions and nutrients in the blood)

Hormonal stimuli (release of other hormones)

Neural stimuli (nervous system)

Question 18

The “master” endocrine gland

Answer 18

Pituitary gland/hypophysis

Question 19

Major link bringing together the nervous and endocrine systems

Answer 19

Hypothalamus

Question 20

What does the hypothalamus synthesize?

Answer 20

Oxytocin and ADH

Question 21

Together, the hypophysis and hypothalamus regulate what?

Answer 21

Practically all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis

Question 22

Location of the hypothalamus

Answer 22

Inferior to the two lobes of the thalamus

Question 23

Location of the hypophysis

Answer 23

Sits in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. Located inferiorly to the hypothalamus

Question 24

What attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

Answer 24

Infundibulum

Question 25

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

Answer 25

Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

Question 26

What stimulates the synthesis and release of hormones from the anterior lobe? Suppresses?

Answer 26

Releasing hormones (RHs) Inhibiting Hormones (IHs)

Question 27

There are _ different types of cells in the Anterior lobe that secretes _ major hormones.

Answer 27

5 7

Question 28

What secretes HGH?

Answer 28

Somatotrophs (of the anterior lobe of hypophysis)

Question 29

What secretes TSH?

Answer 29

Thyrotrophs, of the anterior lobe of hypophysis

Question 30

What produces FSH and LH?

Answer 30

Gonadotrophs of the anterior lobe of hypophysis

Question 31

What produces prolactin?

Answer 31

Lactotrophs of AL of PG

Question 32

What secretes adrenocoritotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocytes-stimulating hormone (MDH)?

Answer 32

Corticotrophs of AL of PG

Question 33

The PL of PG stores and releases what 2 hormones?

Answer 33

Oxytocin and ADH Synthesized by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus

Question 34

Location of the thyroid gland

Answer 34

Right and left lobes lie on either side of the trachea Isthmus lies anterior to the trachea

Question 35

Thyroid gland consists of __________ ____________ The wall of each of these structures consists of what 2 types of cells?

Answer 35

Thyroid follicles Follicular cells and parafollicular cells

Question 36

What secretes T3 and T4?

Answer 36

Follicular cells of the thyroid gland

Question 37

What secretes calcitonin?

Answer 37

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

Question 38

Most important function of the thyroid hormones/gland

Answer 38

To increase basal metabolic rate (to maintain body temp)

Question 39

Where are the parathyroid glands?

Answer 39

On the posterior side of the thyroid gland.

Question 40

Parathyroid glands consists of what 2 cell types?

Answer 40

Principal/chief cells and oxyphil cells (function unknown)

Question 41

What secretes PTH?

Answer 41

Principal/chief cells of the PTG

Question 42

Location of the Adrenal/suprarenal glands

Answer 42

Paired, on each kidney

Question 43

Each adrenal gland has a covering _________ of CT, then the adrenal ________, and an innermost adrenal _________

Answer 43

Capsule Cortex Medulla

Question 44

3 zones of the adrenal cortex

Answer 44

Zona glomerulosa (controls water and electrolyte) Zona fasciculata (increase fat and protein breakdown) Zona reticularis (cells produce male sexual hormone)

Question 45

Adrenal medulla contains what type of cells? What do they secrete?

Answer 45

Chromatin cells The fight or flight hormones, Epinephrine/Adrenaline and Norepinephrine/Noradrenaline

Question 46

Location of the pineal gland

Answer 46

Inferior to the posterior portion of the brains corpus callosum

Question 47

The pineal gland contains secretory cells called ____________ which form the hormone ___________

Answer 47

Pinealocytes Melatonin

Question 48

Melatonin is important to JEREMY BECAUSE WHY

Answer 48

Its an antioxidant protecting the CNS and maintains CIRCADIAN RHYTHM JEREMY YOU NEED MELATONIN DUDE

Question 49

Functions of the pancreas (2 portions)

Answer 49

Exocrine portion (produces digestive enzymes) Endocrine portion (produce hormones to raise and lower blood glucose)

Question 50

What makes of 99% of the pancreatic cells?

Answer 50

The exocrine portion (digestive enzymes)

Question 51

Clusters of exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes in pancreas

Answer 51

Acini

Question 52

In the acini, there's 1-2 million tiny clusters of endocrine tissues called:

Answer 52

Islets of langerhans

Question 53

Each islet of langerhans contains 4 cells types:

Answer 53

A-cells B-cells D-cells F-cells

Question 54

What produces glucagon?

Answer 54

alpha cells of pancreas

Question 55

What produces the insulin?

Answer 55

Beta cells of pancreas

Question 56

Function of glucagon

Answer 56

Raise blood glucose level

Question 57

Function of insulin

Answer 57

Lowers blood glucose levels

Question 58

Function of the ovaries

Answer 58

Produce the ovum | Produce sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)