Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

B4 Anatomy > Basics of Embryology III > Flashcards

Basics of Embryology III Flashcards

1
Q

Neurulation converts the neural plate into a hollow neural tube covered by: _______ __________

A

Surface ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The neural tube differentiates into

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Even before the end of the 4th week, what major regions of the brain become apparent?

A 
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where do neurons and glia begin to differentiate from (in the neural tube)?

A

Neuroepithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What cells detach from the lateral lips of the neural folds and migrate to numerous locations in the body for differentiation?

A

Neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the fate os the neural crest cells from the hindbrain?

A

Pharyngeal arches of the head and neck.

Which later become the bones of the nose, face, middle ear, and neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neural crest cells from the mesencephalon and rhombencephalon form the..

A

Dermis
Smooth muscle
Fat of the face and ventral neck
Odontoblasts of the developing teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Neural crest cells from the caudalmost rhombencephalon become the..

A

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The rhombencephalic neural crest cells also contribute to some of the..

A

Cranial nerve ganglia

Aka neurons and all glial cells in the sensory ganglia of CN V, VII, IX and X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which nerves does the rhombencephalic crest cells contribute to giving rise to?

A

5 7 9 and 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Special sensory nerves, associated glia, and ganglia arise from what?

A

Placodes.

Wtf is a placode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does CN1 arise from?

A

Olfactory placode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does CN2 arise from?

A

Optic cup (distal end of which thickens as the placode-like rudiment of the neural retina)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does CN7 arise from?

A

Optic placode.

Vestibulocochlear ganglion also arises from this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The entire cranial component of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is formed from…

A

Cranial neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What gives rise to the pita mater and arachnoid mater?

A

Cranial neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What gives rise to the dura mater?

A

Head paraxial mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cranial neural crest cells invade the surface ectoderm to form the…

A

Melanocytes of the skin of the head and neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 3 major contributions of neural cells from the vagal region?

A
  1. Outflow tract of the heart
  2. Enteric nervous system
  3. Parafollicular cells of the thyroid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The peripheral nervous system of the neck, trunk, and limbs includes the following four types of peripheral neurons:

A
  1. Peripheral sensory neurons
  2. The cell bodies of which they reside in the dorsal root ganglia
  3. Sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic peripheral motoneurons
  4. The cell bodies of which reside, respectively, in the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia (and enteric neurons, considered a 3rd subdivision of the autonomic nervous system)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Shortly after somite formation, each somite reorganizes into two subdivisions:

A
  1. The epithelial dermamyotome

2. Mesenchymal sclerotome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sclerotomes develop into the..

A

Vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Skins 2 layers

A

Epidermis and dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the epidermis formed by?

A

Surface ectoderm (mainly)

Also by neural crest cells (which form melanocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Dermis is mostly..

A

Mesodermal

Face dermis is from neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where does development of bone and muscle occur?

A

Within mesenchymal regions of the embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 2 ways of bone formation?

A
  1. Endochondral ossification

2. Intramembranous ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

A cartilage model first forms and is eventually replaced with bone

Formation of the axial skeleton, cranial base, and appendicular skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

30
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Limb

31
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Bone forms directly from mesenchymal cells without the prior formation of cartilage.

Formation of the cranial vault and most of the bones of the face

32
Q

The dorsal part of each somite in a vertebrate embryo, giving rise to the skeletal musculature

A

Myotome

33
Q

Shortly after formation of the mytome, what does it split into?

A

Dorsal epimere (makes the epaxial muscles of the back)

Ventral hypomere (Hypatia muscles of the lateral and ventral body wall in the thorax and abdomen)

34
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

35
Q

What are the 3 main brain vesicles visible as what? (Even before neurulation begins)

A

The neural plate

36
Q

During the 5th week…what does the prosencephalon divide into

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

37
Q

During the 5th week, what does the rhombencephalon divide into

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

38
Q

During the 5th week..what is the hindbrain divided into

A

Small repetitive segments called rhombomeres

39
Q

The extension of the neural tube caudal to the rhombomeres constitutes what?

A

The spinal cord

40
Q

The nervous system of the vertebrates consists of two major functional divisions being…

A

Somatic nervous system

Visceral nervous system``

41
Q

What day does development of the lungs begin on

A

Day 22

42
Q

What is the first part of lung development

A

The respiratory diverticulum is formed from the endodermal foregut

43
Q

The respiratory diverticulum is part of the..

But grows through the..

A

Endoderm (yellow)

Mesenchyme (part of mesoderm, red)

44
Q

What happens on days 26-28 to the respiratory diverticulum?

A

It undergoes its first bifurcation, into right and left primary bronchial buds (which become the lungs)

45
Q

The proximal end of the respiratory diverticulum becomes the…

A

Trachea and larynx

46
Q

What is the heart formed from?

And around what day is the first heart beat?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

21st day

47
Q

What are hemangioblasts?

A

Cells from the splanchnic mesoderm of the yolk sac wall that form heart vessels

48
Q

The aggregations of the hamngioblasts give rise to 2 cell lineages…which are:

A

Primitive hemapoietic progenitor cells

Endothelial precursor cells

49
Q

During the 4th week, the endodermal gut tube has 3 parts:

A

Foregut
Hindgut
Midgut

50
Q

In the 5th week, the foregut is divided into:

A

Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Proximal duodenum

51
Q

In the 5th week, the midgut is divided into….

A 
Distal duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Ascending colon
Proximal 2/3s of transverse colon
52
Q

By the 5th week, the hindgut forms the…

A

Distal 1/3 of the transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Upper 2/3s of the anorectal canal

53
Q

The intermediate mesoderm on either side of the dorsal body wall gives rise to…

A

Nephric structures.

Nephrotome
Mesonehpri
Pronephri

54
Q

The mesonephri, part of the intermediate mesoderm, becomes what?

A

The first kidneys, having complete nephrons

55
Q

In intermediate gives rise to both the…

A

Nephric structures and gonadal ridge

56
Q

The skeleton of the head and pharynx is made up of the:

A

Neurocranium and viscerocranium

57
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

Bones that support and protect the brain and sensory organs (ears, eyes, olfactory)

58
Q

What is the viscerocranium?

A

Bones of the face and pharyngeal arches

59
Q

The neurocranium is divided into…

A

The cranial base, cranial vault, and the sensory capsules

60
Q

The skeletal structures in the head are unusual because they are formed from the:

A

Neural crest (not the mesoderm, like everywhere else)

61
Q

What do the external and middle ears derive from?

A

The second pharyngeal arches and the intervening pharyngeal cleft, membrane, and pouch

62
Q

The inner ear is developed from:

A

An ectodermal (blue) optic placode, that appears on either side of the neural tube at the level of the caudal hindbrain

63
Q

When do the eyes start to appear?

A

Early in the 4th week in the form of a pair of lateral grooves

64
Q

The optic sulci, which evaginate from the forebrain neural groove, form the:

A

Optic vescicles

65
Q

As soon as the distal tip of the optic vesicle reaches the surface ectoderm, it invaginates and forms the…

A

Optic cup (goblet shaped)

66
Q

How is the optic cup attached to the forebrain?

A

Via the hollow optic stalk

67
Q

The surface ectoderm, after the optic stalk is formed, thickens to form the:

A

Lens placode

68
Q

When the lens placode is formed, it invaginates and pinches off to become:

A

A hollow lens vescicle

69
Q

The inner wall of the optic cup gives rise to the:

A

Neural retina

70
Q

The outer wall of the optic cup gives rise to:

A

The thin, melanin-containing pigmented epithelium

B4 Anatomy (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions