Blood Flashcards
Since blood is outside of the cells, it is called an….
Extra cellular fluid
Circulates within the microscopic spaces between tissue cells
Interstitial fluid
What does interstitial fluid do?
Create the cells internal environment which must be kept within normal physiological limits, therefore resulting in homeostasis
Blood and interstitial fluid exchange materials how? And why?
Via osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and reabsorption
To maintain the body’s homeostasis
Functions of the blood
Transportation (oxygen, CO2, nutrients, waste products, and hormones)
Regulation (pH, body temp, H2O)
Protection (against blood loss, against foreign microbes, and toxins)
Viscosity of blood
Greater than water
Temp of blood
38 C
pH of blood
7.35 to 7.45, slightly alkaline
Blood as a body weight percentage
8%
Bloods volume in average in males and females
Males = 5-6 liters/1.5 gallons
Females = 4-5 liters/1.2 gallons
What are the two parts of blood?
Blood plasma and formed elements
straw colored fluid that remains after the formed elements are removed
Blood plasma
Cells and cell fragments of which as 99% RBCs
Formed elements
Of the total volume of blood, __% is RBCs and __% is blood plasma.
WBCs and platelets represent __% of the total volume.
45%
55%
<1%
WBCs and platelets form a very thin layer, called the _____________, between packed RBCs and plasma.
Buffy coat
Blood plasma is __% water and __% salutes
- 5%
8. 5%
The 8.5% of solutes in blood plasma includes…
Proteins, nutrients, vitamins, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes, and waste products
What are the formed elements of blood?
RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
What is an alternate name for RBCs?
Erythrocytes
What is an alternate name for WBCs?
Leukocyte
The process of producing formed elements
Hemopoiesis
After birth, hemopoiesis takes place where?
ONLY in the red bone marrow
Where is red bone marrow found?
Epiphysis (ends) of long bones such as much as the humerus and femurs; flat bones such as the sternum, ribs, and cranial bones; vertebrae; and pelvis
Within the red bone marrow are….
Hemopoietic stem cells
Biconcave discs that contain hemoglobin
Mature RBCs
Substance in RBCs that consist of the protein globin & the iron containing red pigment heme
Hemoglobin
What is the function of hemoglobin?
RBCs is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
How many molecules of O2 can 1 hemoglobin molecule transport?
4
What is the functionality of RBC shape?
High surface to volume ratio
Discs stack like plates
Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries
Process for the formation of RBCs
Erythropoiesis
What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis? Where are these hormones produced?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Found in kidneys and liver
RBCs lack….
And therefore cannot…
Nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes
No damage repair, so they only live about ~120 days because of wear and tear
How are worn out and aged RBCs taken care of? What happens to the hemoglobin ?
They’re destroyed by phagocytosis in the liver and spleen
Its recycled
Condition in which oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced through decreased number of RBCs or decreased concentration of hemoglobin
Anemia
What are the 2 ways anemia can be present?
Decreased number of RBCs
Decreased concentration of hemoglobin
Anemia can be a sign of what 3 conditions
- Hemorrhagic (excessive loss of RBC from bleeding)
- Iron deficiency (small pale RBCs)
- Sickle cell (inherited genetic defect resulting in abnormal beta chain-hemoglobin which is crescent-shaped)
What is a trait of sickle-cell anemia?
Hemolytic anemia
Most prevalent sign of anemia in the world isssssss
Iron deficiency
Are there more RBCs or WBCs in the body?
RBCs
Dumbass
Do WBCs have a nucleus?
Yep
How much oxygen does a WBC carry?
None NO HEMOGLOBIN
How are WBCs disguised by one another?
The shape of their nuclei and the presence/absence of granules
What are the two types of WBCs?
Granular/Granulocytes
Agranular/Agranulocytes
Types of Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Types of Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Cytoplasm stains pale blue; nucleus stains deep blue-purple large round nucleus
Lymphocytes
Cytoplasm stains pale gray-blue; nucleus stains deep blue-purple
Large kidney shaped nucleus
Slightly lobed
Monocytes
Poorly absorb stains:
granules - pale purple
Cytoplasm - pale pink
Nucleus - deep blue purple
S-shaped or C-shaped nucleus
3-6 lobes
Neutrophils
Stain red, reddish orange with acid dye like eosin
2 connected lobed nucleus
Eosinophils
Stain blue-purple with basic dye U-shaped or S-shaped nucleus 2-5 lobes
basophils
In a normal WBC count, what WBC is there the most of?
Neutrophils
Then lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils (in that order)
WBCs are formed in a process called…
Leukopoiesis
What stimulates leukopoiesis?
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins (IL)
What’s the longest living WBC?
Lymphocytes. They can live for years.
Most WBCs only live for a few hours/days
Functions of WBCs
To defend against pathogens
To remove toxins and wastes
To attack abnormal cells
BASICALLY to fight inflammation and infection
What 2 WBCs fight inflammation and infection via phagocytosis?
Neutrophils and monocytes
What WBC fights inflammation in allergic reaction, fight parasitic worms, and phagocytize?
Eosinophils
What WBCs fight inflammation in allergic reactions?
Basophils
What WBCs are T-cells and natural killer cells?
Lymphocytes
What do T-cells do?
Attack fungi, transplanted cells, and cancer cells
What do natural killer cells do?
Attack certain spontaneously arising tumor cells
Very small disc shaped formed element with granules but no nucleus
Platelets
Function of platelets
Blood clotting
What influences the formation of platelets?
Thrombopoeitin
What does thrombopoeitin do?
Causes megakaryoblasts to create metamegakaryocytes and then sheds off 2000-3000 cytoplasm fragments, aka platelets.
Life span of a platelet? What removes platelets?
5-9 days
Macrophages in the spleen and liver
Stoppage of bleeding
Hemostasis
Hemostasis consists of 3 stages:
- Vascular spasm
- Platelet plug formation
- Blood clotting/coagulation
What happens during a vascular spasm?
The smooth muscle of a blood vessel wall contracts which slows blood loss
What happens during platelet plug formation?
Injury to the lining of a blood vessel exposes the underlying collagen fibers.
Platelets get her and stick to the lining, to each other, and to the fibers
Adherence of platelets to each other and to the collagen fibers forms a plug which stops the bleeding
The formation of a blood clot
Coagulation
Network of insoluble protein fibers involved in clotting
Fibrin
What is needed by the liver for the synthesis of the 4 clotting factors?
Vitamin K
The consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot to pull the edges of the damaged vessel closer together
Clot retraction
The dissolving of a clot, caused by what (which does what)?
Fibrinolysis
Fibrinolysin (dissolves fibrin strands)
Normal coagulation requires…
Vitamin K
Clot Retraction
Fibrinolysis