Blood

Question 1

Since blood is outside of the cells, it is called an….

Answer 1

Extra cellular fluid

Question 2

Circulates within the microscopic spaces between tissue cells

Answer 2

Interstitial fluid

Question 3

What does interstitial fluid do?

Answer 3

Create the cells internal environment which must be kept within normal physiological limits, therefore resulting in homeostasis

Question 4

Blood and interstitial fluid exchange materials how? And why?

Answer 4

Via osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and reabsorption

To maintain the body’s homeostasis

Question 5

Functions of the blood

Answer 5

Transportation (oxygen, CO2, nutrients, waste products, and hormones)

Regulation (pH, body temp, H2O)

Protection (against blood loss, against foreign microbes, and toxins)

Question 6

Viscosity of blood

Answer 6

Greater than water

Question 7

Temp of blood

Answer 7

38 C

Question 8

pH of blood

Answer 8

7.35 to 7.45, slightly alkaline

Question 9

Blood as a body weight percentage

Answer 9

8%

Question 10

Bloods volume in average in males and females

Answer 10

Males = 5-6 liters/1.5 gallons

Females = 4-5 liters/1.2 gallons

Question 11

What are the two parts of blood?

Answer 11

Blood plasma and formed elements

Question 12

straw colored fluid that remains after the formed elements are removed

Answer 12

Blood plasma

Question 13

Cells and cell fragments of which as 99% RBCs

Answer 13

Formed elements

Question 14

Of the total volume of blood, __% is RBCs and __% is blood plasma.

WBCs and platelets represent __% of the total volume.

Answer 14

45%

55%

<1%

Question 15

WBCs and platelets form a very thin layer, called the _____________, between packed RBCs and plasma.

Answer 15

Buffy coat

Question 16

Blood plasma is __% water and __% salutes

Answer 16

91. 5%

8. 5%

Question 17

The 8.5% of solutes in blood plasma includes…

Answer 17

Proteins, nutrients, vitamins, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes, and waste products

Question 18

What are the formed elements of blood?

Answer 18

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

Question 19

What is an alternate name for RBCs?

Answer 19

Erythrocytes

Question 20

What is an alternate name for WBCs?

Answer 20

Leukocyte

Question 21

The process of producing formed elements

Answer 21

Hemopoiesis

Question 22

After birth, hemopoiesis takes place where?

Answer 22

ONLY in the red bone marrow

Question 23

Where is red bone marrow found?

Answer 23

Epiphysis (ends) of long bones such as much as the humerus and femurs; flat bones such as the sternum, ribs, and cranial bones; vertebrae; and pelvis

Question 24

Within the red bone marrow are….

Answer 24

Hemopoietic stem cells

Question 25

Biconcave discs that contain hemoglobin

Answer 25

Mature RBCs

Question 26

Substance in RBCs that consist of the protein globin & the iron containing red pigment heme

Answer 26

Hemoglobin

Question 27

What is the function of hemoglobin?

Answer 27

RBCs is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 28

How many molecules of O2 can 1 hemoglobin molecule transport?

Answer 28

4

Question 29

What is the functionality of RBC shape?

Answer 29

High surface to volume ratio Discs stack like plates Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries

Question 30

Process for the formation of RBCs

Answer 30

Erythropoiesis

Question 31

What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis? Where are these hormones produced?

Answer 31

Erythropoietin (EPO) Found in kidneys and liver

Question 32

RBCs lack.... And therefore cannot...

Answer 32

Nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes No damage repair, so they only live about ~120 days because of wear and tear

Question 33

How are worn out and aged RBCs taken care of? What happens to the hemoglobin ?

Answer 33

They're destroyed by phagocytosis in the liver and spleen Its recycled

Question 34

Condition in which oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced through decreased number of RBCs or decreased concentration of hemoglobin

Answer 34

Anemia

Question 35

What are the 2 ways anemia can be present?

Answer 35

Decreased number of RBCs Decreased concentration of hemoglobin

Question 36

Anemia can be a sign of what 3 conditions

Answer 36

1. Hemorrhagic (excessive loss of RBC from bleeding) 2. Iron deficiency (small pale RBCs) 3. Sickle cell (inherited genetic defect resulting in abnormal beta chain-hemoglobin which is crescent-shaped)

Question 37

What is a trait of sickle-cell anemia?

Answer 37

Hemolytic anemia

Question 38

Most prevalent sign of anemia in the world isssssss

Answer 38

Iron deficiency

Question 39

Are there more RBCs or WBCs in the body?

Answer 39

RBCs Dumbass

Question 40

Do WBCs have a nucleus?

Answer 40

Yep

Question 41

How much oxygen does a WBC carry?

Answer 41

None NO HEMOGLOBIN

Question 42

How are WBCs disguised by one another?

Answer 42

The shape of their nuclei and the presence/absence of granules

Question 43

What are the two types of WBCs?

Answer 43

Granular/Granulocytes Agranular/Agranulocytes

Question 44

Types of Granulocytes

Answer 44

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

Question 45

Types of Agranulocytes

Answer 45

Lymphocytes | Monocytes

Question 46

Cytoplasm stains pale blue; nucleus stains deep blue-purple large round nucleus

Answer 46

Lymphocytes

Question 47

Cytoplasm stains pale gray-blue; nucleus stains deep blue-purple Large kidney shaped nucleus Slightly lobed

Answer 47

Monocytes

Question 48

Poorly absorb stains: granules - pale purple Cytoplasm - pale pink Nucleus - deep blue purple S-shaped or C-shaped nucleus 3-6 lobes

Answer 48

Neutrophils

Question 49

Stain red, reddish orange with acid dye like eosin 2 connected lobed nucleus

Answer 49

Eosinophils

Question 50

Stain blue-purple with basic dye U-shaped or S-shaped nucleus 2-5 lobes

Answer 50

basophils

Question 51

In a normal WBC count, what WBC is there the most of?

Answer 51

Neutrophils Then lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils (in that order)

Question 52

WBCs are formed in a process called...

Answer 52

Leukopoiesis

Question 53

What stimulates leukopoiesis?

Answer 53

Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins (IL)

Question 54

What's the longest living WBC?

Answer 54

Lymphocytes. They can live for years. Most WBCs only live for a few hours/days

Question 55

Functions of WBCs

Answer 55

To defend against pathogens To remove toxins and wastes To attack abnormal cells BASICALLY to fight inflammation and infection

Question 56

What 2 WBCs fight inflammation and infection via phagocytosis?

Answer 56

Neutrophils and monocytes

Question 57

What WBC fights inflammation in allergic reaction, fight parasitic worms, and phagocytize?

Answer 57

Eosinophils

Question 58

What WBCs fight inflammation in allergic reactions?

Answer 58

Basophils

Question 59

What WBCs are T-cells and natural killer cells?

Answer 59

Lymphocytes

Question 60

What do T-cells do?

Answer 60

Attack fungi, transplanted cells, and cancer cells

Question 61

What do natural killer cells do?

Answer 61

Attack certain spontaneously arising tumor cells

Question 62

Very small disc shaped formed element with granules but no nucleus

Answer 62

Platelets

Question 63

Function of platelets

Answer 63

Blood clotting

Question 64

What influences the formation of platelets?

Answer 64

Thrombopoeitin

Question 65

What does thrombopoeitin do?

Answer 65

Causes megakaryoblasts to create metamegakaryocytes and then sheds off 2000-3000 cytoplasm fragments, aka platelets.

Question 66

Life span of a platelet? What removes platelets?

Answer 66

5-9 days | Macrophages in the spleen and liver

Question 67

Stoppage of bleeding

Answer 67

Hemostasis

Question 68

Hemostasis consists of 3 stages:

Answer 68

1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Blood clotting/coagulation

Question 69

What happens during a vascular spasm?

Answer 69

The smooth muscle of a blood vessel wall contracts which slows blood loss

Question 70

What happens during platelet plug formation?

Answer 70

Injury to the lining of a blood vessel exposes the underlying collagen fibers. Platelets get her and stick to the lining, to each other, and to the fibers Adherence of platelets to each other and to the collagen fibers forms a plug which stops the bleeding

Question 71

The formation of a blood clot

Answer 71

Coagulation

Question 72

Network of insoluble protein fibers involved in clotting

Answer 72

Fibrin

Question 73

What is needed by the liver for the synthesis of the 4 clotting factors?

Answer 73

Vitamin K

Question 74

The consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot to pull the edges of the damaged vessel closer together

Answer 74

Clot retraction

Question 75

The dissolving of a clot, caused by what (which does what)?

Answer 75

Fibrinolysis Fibrinolysin (dissolves fibrin strands)

Question 76

Normal coagulation requires...

Answer 76

Vitamin K Clot Retraction Fibrinolysis