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B4 Anatomy > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Since blood is outside of the cells, it is called an….

A

Extra cellular fluid

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2
Q

Circulates within the microscopic spaces between tissue cells

A

Interstitial fluid

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3
Q

What does interstitial fluid do?

A

Create the cells internal environment which must be kept within normal physiological limits, therefore resulting in homeostasis

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4
Q

Blood and interstitial fluid exchange materials how? And why?

A

Via osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and reabsorption

To maintain the body’s homeostasis

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5
Q

Functions of the blood

A

Transportation (oxygen, CO2, nutrients, waste products, and hormones)

Regulation (pH, body temp, H2O)

Protection (against blood loss, against foreign microbes, and toxins)

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6
Q

Viscosity of blood

A

Greater than water

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7
Q

Temp of blood

A

38 C

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8
Q

pH of blood

A

7.35 to 7.45, slightly alkaline

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9
Q

Blood as a body weight percentage

A

8%

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10
Q

Bloods volume in average in males and females

A

Males = 5-6 liters/1.5 gallons

Females = 4-5 liters/1.2 gallons

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11
Q

What are the two parts of blood?

A

Blood plasma and formed elements

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12
Q

straw colored fluid that remains after the formed elements are removed

A

Blood plasma

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13
Q

Cells and cell fragments of which as 99% RBCs

A

Formed elements

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14
Q

Of the total volume of blood, __% is RBCs and __% is blood plasma.

WBCs and platelets represent __% of the total volume.

A

45%

55%

<1%

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15
Q

WBCs and platelets form a very thin layer, called the _____________, between packed RBCs and plasma.

A

Buffy coat

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16
Q

Blood plasma is __% water and __% salutes

A
  1. 5%

8. 5%

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17
Q

The 8.5% of solutes in blood plasma includes…

A

Proteins, nutrients, vitamins, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes, and waste products

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18
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

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19
Q

What is an alternate name for RBCs?

A

Erythrocytes

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20
Q

What is an alternate name for WBCs?

A

Leukocyte

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21
Q

The process of producing formed elements

A

Hemopoiesis

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22
Q

After birth, hemopoiesis takes place where?

A

ONLY in the red bone marrow

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23
Q

Where is red bone marrow found?

A

Epiphysis (ends) of long bones such as much as the humerus and femurs; flat bones such as the sternum, ribs, and cranial bones; vertebrae; and pelvis

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24
Q

Within the red bone marrow are….

A

Hemopoietic stem cells

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25
Q

Biconcave discs that contain hemoglobin

A

Mature RBCs

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26
Q

Substance in RBCs that consist of the protein globin & the iron containing red pigment heme

A

Hemoglobin

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27
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin?

A

RBCs is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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28
Q

How many molecules of O2 can 1 hemoglobin molecule transport?

A

4

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29
Q

What is the functionality of RBC shape?

A

High surface to volume ratio

Discs stack like plates

Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries

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30
Q

Process for the formation of RBCs

A

Erythropoiesis

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31
Q

What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis? Where are these hormones produced?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Found in kidneys and liver

32
Q

RBCs lack….

And therefore cannot…

A

Nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes

No damage repair, so they only live about ~120 days because of wear and tear

33
Q

How are worn out and aged RBCs taken care of? What happens to the hemoglobin ?

A

They’re destroyed by phagocytosis in the liver and spleen

Its recycled

34
Q

Condition in which oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced through decreased number of RBCs or decreased concentration of hemoglobin

35
Q

What are the 2 ways anemia can be present?

A

Decreased number of RBCs

Decreased concentration of hemoglobin

36
Q

Anemia can be a sign of what 3 conditions

A
  1. Hemorrhagic (excessive loss of RBC from bleeding)
  2. Iron deficiency (small pale RBCs)
  3. Sickle cell (inherited genetic defect resulting in abnormal beta chain-hemoglobin which is crescent-shaped)
37
Q

What is a trait of sickle-cell anemia?

A

Hemolytic anemia

38
Q

Most prevalent sign of anemia in the world isssssss

A

Iron deficiency

39
Q

Are there more RBCs or WBCs in the body?

A

RBCs

Dumbass

40
Q

Do WBCs have a nucleus?

41
Q

How much oxygen does a WBC carry?

A

None NO HEMOGLOBIN

42
Q

How are WBCs disguised by one another?

A

The shape of their nuclei and the presence/absence of granules

43
Q

What are the two types of WBCs?

A

Granular/Granulocytes

Agranular/Agranulocytes

44
Q

Types of Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

45
Q

Types of Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

46
Q

Cytoplasm stains pale blue; nucleus stains deep blue-purple large round nucleus

A

Lymphocytes

47
Q

Cytoplasm stains pale gray-blue; nucleus stains deep blue-purple

Large kidney shaped nucleus

Slightly lobed

48
Q

Poorly absorb stains:
granules - pale purple
Cytoplasm - pale pink
Nucleus - deep blue purple

S-shaped or C-shaped nucleus
3-6 lobes

A

Neutrophils

49
Q

Stain red, reddish orange with acid dye like eosin

2 connected lobed nucleus

A

Eosinophils

50
Q

Stain blue-purple with basic dye U-shaped or S-shaped nucleus 2-5 lobes

51
Q

In a normal WBC count, what WBC is there the most of?

A

Neutrophils

Then lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils (in that order)

52
Q

WBCs are formed in a process called…

A

Leukopoiesis

53
Q

What stimulates leukopoiesis?

A

Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins (IL)

54
Q

What’s the longest living WBC?

A

Lymphocytes. They can live for years.

Most WBCs only live for a few hours/days

55
Q

Functions of WBCs

A

To defend against pathogens

To remove toxins and wastes

To attack abnormal cells

BASICALLY to fight inflammation and infection

56
Q

What 2 WBCs fight inflammation and infection via phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils and monocytes

57
Q

What WBC fights inflammation in allergic reaction, fight parasitic worms, and phagocytize?

A

Eosinophils

58
Q

What WBCs fight inflammation in allergic reactions?

59
Q

What WBCs are T-cells and natural killer cells?

A

Lymphocytes

60
Q

What do T-cells do?

A

Attack fungi, transplanted cells, and cancer cells

61
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

Attack certain spontaneously arising tumor cells

62
Q

Very small disc shaped formed element with granules but no nucleus

63
Q

Function of platelets

A

Blood clotting

64
Q

What influences the formation of platelets?

A

Thrombopoeitin

65
Q

What does thrombopoeitin do?

A

Causes megakaryoblasts to create metamegakaryocytes and then sheds off 2000-3000 cytoplasm fragments, aka platelets.

66
Q

Life span of a platelet? What removes platelets?

A

5-9 days

Macrophages in the spleen and liver

67
Q

Stoppage of bleeding

A

Hemostasis

68
Q

Hemostasis consists of 3 stages:

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Blood clotting/coagulation
69
Q

What happens during a vascular spasm?

A

The smooth muscle of a blood vessel wall contracts which slows blood loss

70
Q

What happens during platelet plug formation?

A

Injury to the lining of a blood vessel exposes the underlying collagen fibers.

Platelets get her and stick to the lining, to each other, and to the fibers

Adherence of platelets to each other and to the collagen fibers forms a plug which stops the bleeding

71
Q

The formation of a blood clot

A

Coagulation

72
Q

Network of insoluble protein fibers involved in clotting

73
Q

What is needed by the liver for the synthesis of the 4 clotting factors?

74
Q

The consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot to pull the edges of the damaged vessel closer together

A

Clot retraction

75
Q

The dissolving of a clot, caused by what (which does what)?

A

Fibrinolysis

Fibrinolysin (dissolves fibrin strands)

76
Q

Normal coagulation requires…

A

Vitamin K

Clot Retraction

Fibrinolysis

B4 Anatomy (10 decks)

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