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Histology 2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Main Types of Hormones

Insulin and parathormone are examples of

A

Protein and glycoprotein hormones

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2
Q

Main Types of Hormones

Vasopressin and Oxytocin are examples of

A

Small peptide hormones

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3
Q

Main Types of Hormones

Thyroxin and Adrenalin are examples of

A

Hormones that are derivatives of amino acids

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4
Q

Main Types of Hormones

Testosterone and Cortisol are examples of

A

Steroids derived from cholesterol

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5
Q

Components of Endocrine System

Major endocrine organs

A

Principal or only role of organ is hormone production (thyroid, adrenal gland)

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6
Q

Components of Endocrine System

Organs with partial but significant endocrine role

A

Such as pancreas, ovary or testes

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7
Q

Components of Endocrine System

Diffuse endocrine system

A

Scattered cells within organs performing endocrine function, such as enteroendocrine cells of the gut working on nearby cells (paracrine)

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8
Q

Endocrine Tissue

Most is of what origin?

A

Epithelial

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9
Q

Endocrine Glands

A
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10
Q

Pitutary Gland

Able to regulate

A

Many other endocrine glands

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11
Q

Pitutary Gland

Location

A

In the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone, just below the hypothalamus

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12
Q

Pitutary Gland

Also called

A

Hypophysis

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13
Q

Hypothalmic-Pituitary Axis

A
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14
Q

Pituitary Gland

Two Lobes

A

Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and posterior lobe (Neurohypophysis)

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15
Q

Pituitary Hormone Secretion

Anterior Lobe

A

Controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus entering in high concentrations through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

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16
Q

Hypothalamic Hormones

Regulating anterior pituitary

A

GHRH, Somatostatin, TRH, CRH, Dopamine, GnRH

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17
Q

Anterior Pituitary Cell Types

Somatotrophs

A

Produce GH and controlled by GHRH(+) and Somatostatin (-)

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18
Q

Anterior Pituitary Cell Types

Thyrotrophs

A

Produce TSH and regulated by TRH(+) and Somatostatin(-)

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19
Q

Anterior Pituitary Cell Types

Corticotrophs

A

Produce ACTH and controlled by CRH

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20
Q

Anterior Pituitary Cell Types

Lactotrophs

A

Produce Prolactin and controlled by TRH(+) and Dopamine(-)

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21
Q

Anterior Pituitary Cell Types

Gonadotrophs

A

Produce FSH and LH, and controlled by GnRH

22
Q

Anterior Pituitary

Consists of

A

Packed secretory cells interspersed with fenestrated edothelium-lined vascular sinuses

23
Q

Anterior Pituitary

Acidophils and Basophils

A

Acidophils: Somatotrophs and lactotrophs

Basophils: Thyrotrophs, corticotrophs and gonadotrophs

24
Q

Posterior Pituitary

Consists of

A

The axons of nerve cells in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypthalamus

25
Q

Thyroid Histology

Functional Unit

A

Thyroid Follicle - a spherical space lined by epithelial cells that are low cuboidal when inactive but nearly columnar when active

26
Q

Thyroid Function

Main thyroid hormones

A

T3 and T4 are the main thyroid hormones

27
Q

Thyroid C Cells

Location

A

Found adjacent to follicular cells. Within basal lamina surrounding follicle, but not in contact with the colloid

28
Q

Thyroid C Cells

Secretory Product

A

Calcitonin. This inhibits osteoclast activity and lowers blood calcium.

29
Q

Parathyroid Glands

What are they?

A

Usually 4 small oval glands on posterior surface of thyroid gland. Produce parathyroid hormone which increases serum calcium.

30
Q

Parathyroid Glands - Cell types

Adipose Cells

A

…

31
Q

Parathyroid Glands - Cell types

Chief cells

A

Small, lightly stained cells with dark nuclei. Cells that secrete PTH.

32
Q

Parathyroid Glands - Cell types

Oxyphils

A

Larger than chief cells. Eosinophilic. Appear at puberty becoming more numerous with age. Large numbers of mitochrondria but function unknown.

33
Q

Adrenal Glands

Adrenal Cortex

A

Formed of epithelial cells

34
Q

Adrenal Glands

Adrenal Medulla

A

Formed of neural crest cells. Essentially a modified sympathetic ganglion where postganglionic neurons have lost axons and release trasmitter into the blood instead

35
Q

Adrenal Glands

Surrounded by

A

Thick capsule with connective tissue trabeculae extending inwards through the cortex

36
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
37
Q

Adrenal Cortex

Three distinct layers or zones

A

From outer to inner -

Zona Glomerulosa

Zona Fasciculata

Zona Reticularis

38
Q

Steroid Hormones Secreted by Adrenal Cortex

Mineralocorticoids

A

Involved in electrolyte and fluid homeostasis. Principally aldosterone. Produced in zona glomerulosa.

39
Q

Steroid Hormones Secreted by Adrenal Cortex

Glucocorticoids

A

Involved in many aspects of metabolism. Stored in Zona Fasciculata. Principal glucocorticoid is cortisol, whose secretion is controlled by ACTH from the anterior pituitary

40
Q

Steroid Hormones Secreted by Adrenal Cortex

Sex hormones

A

Androgens produced in small amounts by the Zona Reticularis

41
Q

Adrenal Cortex Summary

A
42
Q

Adrenal Medulla

Function

A

Reinforces the action of the sympathetic nervous system at times of stress. Contain granules of adrenaline and noradrenaline which are released into the blood, preparing the body for “fight or flight” at times of stress.

43
Q

Endocrine Pancreas

Consists of

A

About one million small, scattered, islands of tissue called islets of Langerhans. Rich blood supply to these.

44
Q

Cells of the Endocrine Pancreas

Insulin Secreting Cells

A

About 70% of the cells. Also called B cells or ß Cells

45
Q

Cells of the Endocrine Pancreas

Glucagon Secreting Cells

A

About 20% of the cells. Also called A or alpha cells

46
Q

Cells of the Endocrine Pancreas

Somatostatin Secreting Cells

A

About 5-10% of cells. Also called D or delta cells

47
Q

Testes

Produce

A

Spermatozoa, but also secrete testosterone

48
Q

Testes

Leydig Cells

A

In the interstices between the seminiferous tubules are responsible for testosterone production in the testes

49
Q

Ovaries

Produce

A

Ova, but also secrete the female sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone

50
Q

Theca Interna

Location and function

A

Surrounding developing ovarian follicle. Are responsible for much of the production of female sex hormones

Histology 2 (12 decks)

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