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Histology 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood make up

~45%

A

Formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets). Lots of types branch from whites.

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2
Q

Separating Blood Layers

Bottom

A

Red cells

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3
Q

Albumen

A

Found in the serum, and constitutes about 60% of the plasma proteins in humans. Maintains osmotic pressure.

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4
Q

Erythrocytes

What are they?

A

Red blood cells

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5
Q

Erythrocytes

Life span

A

About 4 months

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6
Q

Proportions of white blood cells

A

Neutrophils 40-75%

Eosinophils 5%

Basophils 0.5%

Lymphocytes 20-50%

Monocytes 1-5%

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7
Q

Leukocytes - Neutrophils

What are they?

A

Granulocytes

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8
Q

Leukocytes - Eosinophils

Name comes from?

A

Comes from affiity for eosin dye. Also a granulocyte. Circulate for 8-12 hours then move into tissues where most eosinophils live.

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9
Q

Basophils

What are they?

A

The rarest of the granulocytes

Many similarities to mast cells. Evidence for, but not confirmed, common lineage.

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10
Q

Monocytes

Where are they found?

A

Bone marrow and blood

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11
Q

Leukocytes - Lymphocytes

Granules

A

Not visible

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12
Q

Platelets

What are they?

A

Formed element of the blood

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13
Q

Development

Earliest erythrocyte formation

A

Outside embryo in the yolk sac

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14
Q

Stem cells

Totipotent

A

Can form all cell types in the adult plus any extra embryonic tissue produced in development

Pluri, multi and committed progenitor cells can reproduce themselves.

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15
Q

Reticulocyte

A

The phase just before a mature RBC. have granules of RNA in cytoplasm, maturing through a series of steps.

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16
Q

Leukoycte Maturation

Within the bone marrow

A

Each type goes through a set of stereotypical steps

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17
Q

Megakaryocytes

What are they?

What do they do?

A

Giant (30-100µm) cells found in bone marrow. Produce platelets (thousands)

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18
Q

Bone marrow control

Hormone production

A

Many hormones and growth factors produced locally within bone marrow.

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19
Q

Blood brain barrier

Induced by

A

Astrocytes - do not form the blood brain barrier

20
Q

Blood make up

~55%

A

~90% of this is water, rest is made up from Proteins and Nutrients, and salts.

21
Q

Separating Blood Layers

Next

A

White cells

22
Q

Separating Blood Layers

Top

A

Plasma (liquid) - Without clotting factors is called Serum.

23
Q

Erythrocytes

Size

A

7µm

24
Q

Erythrocytes

Are they cells?

A

No. No nuclei or organelles

25
Q

Erythrocytes

Abilities

A

Able to deform and slip through small spaces. Pick up haemoglobin.

26
Q

Erythrocytes

Reouleaux

A

Stacks of RBC’s which may indicate disease

27
Q

Leukocytes - Neutrophils

What is their job?

A

Circulate in an inactive state, but can enter tissue where they are highly motile phagocytes.

28
Q

Leukocytes - Neutrophils

Life cycle

A

Abundant and short-lived

29
Q

Leukocytes - Eosinophils

Function

A

Important in inducing and maintaining inflammation and fighting parasitic infections.

30
Q

Basophils

Function

A

Act as effector cells in allergic reactions

Many similarities to mast cells. Evidence for, but not confirmed, common lineage.

31
Q

Monocytes

What do they do?

A

Precursors of tissue macrophages. Form the mononuclear phagocyte system.

32
Q

Monocytes

Size

A

Largest in the blood.

33
Q

Leukocytes - Lymphocytes

Classes

A

B cells and T cells

34
Q

Leukocytes - Lymphocytes

Maturation

A

B cells in the bone marrow, T cells in the thymus.

35
Q

Leukocytes - Lymphocytes

Functions

A

B cells give rise to antibody secreting plasma cells, while T cells form a complex set of cells which perform many defence functions.

36
Q

Platelets

What size are they?

A

2µm

37
Q

Platelets

What do they do?

A

Play a key role in haemostasis. In this they adhere to the site of damage, aggregate and degranulate. Activate fibrin production.

38
Q

Platelets

Organelles

A

Good cytoskeleten. Mitochondria, ribosomes and sometimes golgi, but no nucleus.

39
Q

Development

Second trimester

A

Liver is principal site of blood formtion

40
Q

Development

Bone Marrow

A

Bone marrow start to make leukocytes then eventually erythrocytes. At birth almost all bones produce blood but by maturity only cerain bones continue.

41
Q

Stem cells

Pluripotent

A

Can give rise to all functional cell types

Pluri, multi and committed progenitor cells can reproduce themselves.

42
Q

Stem cells

Multipotent

A

Can give rise to restricted set of cell types

Pluri, multi and committed progenitor cells can reproduce themselves.

43
Q

Stem cells

Committed progenitor cells

A

Can produce only one cell type.

Pluri, multi and committed progenitor cells can reproduce themselves.

44
Q

Bone marrow control

Locally produced

A

Locally produced promoters include colony stimulating factors.

45
Q

Bone marrow control

Systemic factors

A

Systemic factors include interleukins.

46
Q

Bone marrow control

Erythropoietin

A

Erythropoietin produced by kidney stimulating erythrocyte production.

47
Q

Bone marrow control

Control of

A

Control of proliferation, differentiation and maturation.

Histology 2 (12 decks)

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