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Medical Terminology B > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

hormone(s) secreted by the adrenal gland cortex

A

Where are steroid hormones secreted?

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1
Q

-tropin, -tropic

A

hormone that acts on another gland

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2
Q

hormone(s) secreted by the adrenal gland medulla

A

Where are epinephrine & norepinephrine secreted?

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3
Q

epinephrine, aka

A

adrenaline, aka

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4
Q

norepinephrine, aka

A

noradrenaline, aka

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5
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless glands which secrete hormones directly into the blood

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6
Q

hormone

A

endocrine gland secretion that travels through the blood and regulates the function of specific tissues, organs, and other glands

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7
Q

hypophysis, aka

A

pituitary gland, aka

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8
Q

hypophysis

A

gland found below the hypothalamus in the brain

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9
Q

gland found below the hypothalamus in the brain

A

pituitary gland

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10
Q

hypothalamus

A

portion of the brain which controls the pituitary gland and is active in maintaining homeostasis

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11
Q

pancreatic islets

A

clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas which produce hormones that regulate sugar metabolism (insulin & glucagon)

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12
Q

islets of Langerhans

A

clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas which produce hormones that regulate sugar metabolism (insulin & glucagon)

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13
Q

islet cells

A

clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas which produce hormones that regulate sugar metabolism (insulin & glucagon)

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14
Q

islets of Langerhans, aka

A

islet cells, pancreatic islets

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15
Q

pancreatic islets, aka

A

islet cells, islets of Langerhans

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16
Q

parathyroid glands

A

4-6 small endocrine glands on the posterior thyroid that act to increase blood calcium levels

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17
Q

pineal gland

A

small gland in the brain which secretes melatonin to regulate mood, daily rhythms, sexual development and response to environmental light

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18
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

secretes GH and other hormones that affect other glands in the body

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19
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

stores and secretes hormones manufactured in the hypothalamus such as antidiuretic hormone & oxytocin

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20
Q

prostaglandins

A

group of hormones that have various effects including uterine contraction stimulation, blood pressure regulation, blood clotting, and inflammation

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21
Q

receptor

A

site on a cell membrane which binds a specific substance or hormone

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22
Q

steroid hormone

A

hormone made from lipids, including those from the gonads and adrenal cortex

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23
Q

target tissue

A

specific tissue on which a particular hormone acts due to the presence of specialized receptors

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24
Q

thyroid gland

A

endocrine gland on either side of the larynx and upper trachea which secretes hormones that affect the metabolism, growth, and calcium balance

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25
Q

endocrin/o

A

Root: endocrine glands or system

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26
Q

pituitar (root word)

A

Root: pituitary gland, hypophysis

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27
Q

hypophys (root word)

A

Root: pituitary gland, hypophysis

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28
Q

thyr/o

A

Root: thyroid gland

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29
Q

thyroid/o

A

Root: thyroid gland

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30
Q

parathyroid/o

A

Root: parathyroid gland

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31
Q

parathyr/o

A

Root: parathyroid gland

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32
Q

adren/o

A

Root: adrenal gland, epinephrine

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33
Q

adrenal/o

A

Root: adrenal gland, epinephrine

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34
Q

adrenocortic/o

A

Root: adrenal cortex

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35
Q

insul/o

A

Root: pancreatic islets

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36
Q

acromegaly

A

overgrowth of bone and soft tissue, especially in hands, feet, and face, caused by excess growth hormone in an adult

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37
Q

Addison’s disease

A

disease resulting from deficiency of adrenocortical hormones marked by darkening of the skin, weakness, and water loss and electrolyte imbalance

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38
Q

adenoma

A

neoplasm of a gland

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39
Q

congenital hypothyroidism

A

condition caused by congenital lack of thyroid secretion which halts physical and mental development in infants

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40
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

excess production of adrenocorticotropic hormone by the pituitary gland causing overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal cortex, which results in fluid retention, hypertension, obesity of the torso, weakness, excess hair growth, and a moon-shaped face

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41
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal cortex, which results in fluid retention, hypertension, obesity of the torso, weakness, excess hair growth, and a moon-shaped face

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42
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

deficiency of insulin or failure of the tissues to respond to insulin, resulting in hypoglycemia

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43
Q

exophthalmos

A

protrusion of the eyeballs

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44
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

insufficient release of antidiuretic hormone, resulting in excessive thirst and production of large amounts of dilute urine

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45
Q

gigantism

A

overgrowth of a child caused by excess growth hormone release by the pituitary gland

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46
Q

HbA1c test

A

Abbrev: glycated hemoglobin test

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47
Q

glycated hemoglobin test

A

test that measures the binding of glucose to hemoglobin during the lifespan of a red blood cell, reflecting the average blood glucose level over 2-3 months for treatment evaluation purposes

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48
Q

glycosuria

A

excess sugar in the urine

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49
Q

goiter

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland

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50
Q

Grave’s disease

A

autoimmune disease resulting in hyperthyroidism, causing weight loss, irritability, tachycardia, exophthalmos

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51
Q

hyperglycemia

A

excess glucose in the blood

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52
Q

hypoglycemia

A

abnormally low levels of glucose in the blood

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53
Q

insulin shock

A

condition resulting from an overdose of insulin which causes hypoglycemia

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54
Q

ketoacidosis

A

acidosis caused by abnormally high ketone wastes in the blood from the excess metabolism of fats when the body cannot use the glucose in the blood

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55
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

hyperglycemia caused by cellular resistance to insulin

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56
Q

syndrome X

A

hyperglycemia caused by cellular resistance to insulin

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57
Q

insulin resistance syndrome, aka

A

syndrome X, metabolic syndrome

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58
Q

metabolic syndrome, aka

A

syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome

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59
Q

syndrome X, aka

A

metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance syndrome

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60
Q

myxedema

A

dry, waxy swelling in the face caused by hypothyroidism in an adult

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61
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

underactivity of the entire pituitary gland

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62
Q

tetany

A

irritability and spasms of muscles associated with low blood calcium

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63
Q

sella turcica

A

saddle shaped depression in the sphenoid bone which contains the pituitary gland

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64
Q

sphenoid bone

A

bone at the base of the skull that houses the pituitary gland

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65
Q

adrenogenital syndrome

A

overproduction of androgens from the adrenal cortex, resulting in masculinization

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66
Q

Conn’s syndrome

A

adrenogenital syndrome caused by an adrenal tumour

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67
Q

craniopharyngioma

A

pituitary tumour

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68
Q

Hashimoto’s disease

A

autoimmune disease causing chronic thyroiditis

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69
Q

impaired glucose tolerance

A

hyperglycemia after glucose intake that may indicate borderline diabetes mellitus

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70
Q

IGT

A

Abbrev: impaired glucose tolerance

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71
Q

ketosis

A

accumulation of ketones in the blood, due to carbohydrate deficiency or inability to metabolize glucose causing an excess of fat metabolism and ketone waste formation

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72
Q

MEN

A

Abbrev: multiple endocrine neoplasia

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73
Q

multiple endocrine neoplasia

A

hereditary disorder that causes tumours in several endocrine glands

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74
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

benign tumour in the adrenal medulla causing increased production of epinephrine & norepinephrine

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75
Q

pituitary apoplexy

A

sudden massive hemorrhage and degeneration of the pituitary gland associated with a pituitary tumor

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76
Q

SAD

A

seasonal affective disorder

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77
Q

seasonal affective disorder

A

mood disorder related to seasonal levels of environmental light exposure causing lethargy, depression, excessive need for sleep, and overeating

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78
Q

Simmond’s disease

A

hypofunction of anterior pituitary gland due to an infarction

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79
Q

pituitary cachexia

A

hypofunction of anterior pituitary gland due to an infarction

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80
Q

pituitary cachexia, aka

A

Simmond’s disease, aka

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81
Q

thyroid storm

A

sudden onset of thyrotoxicosis in untreated or poorly treated hyperthyroidism

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82
Q

thyroid crisis

A

sudden onset of thyrotoxicosis in untreated or poorly treated hyperthyroidism

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83
Q

thyroid crisis, aka

A

thyroid storm, aka

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84
Q

thyrotoxicosis

A

anxiety, irritability, weight loss, sweating caused by hyperthyroidism, such as Grave’s disease

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85
Q

von Recklinghausen’s disease

A

excess production of parathyroid hormone causing excess blood calcium drawn from the degeneration of bone

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86
Q

fasting plasma glucose

A

test for diabetes which measures glucose in the blood after fasting for 8 hours +

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87
Q

free thyroxine index

A

test for diagnosing thyroid dysfunction based on T4 in the blood and T3 uptake

88
Q

oral glucose tolerance test

A

test for patient’s ability to metabolize glucose which measures blood glucose after oral administration of glucose to a patient who has fasted

89
Q

OGTT

A

Abbrev: oral glucose tolerance test

90
Q

radioactive iodine uptake test

A

test that evaluates thyroid function by measuring uptake of radioactive iodine

91
Q

radioimmunoassay

A

using radioactively tagged antibodies & hormones in blood plasma to measure very small amounts of a substance, such as hormones

92
Q

RIA

A

Abbrev: radioimmunoassay

93
Q

thyroid scan

A

visualization of the thyroid after administration of radioactive iodine

94
Q

thyroxine-binding globulin test

A

test that measures the main protein that binds T4 in the blood

95
Q

TBG

A

Abbrev: thyroxine-binding globulin test

96
Q

transsphenoidal adenomectomy

A

removal of pituitary tumour through the sphenoid sinus

97
Q

ACTH

A

Abbrev: adrenocorticotropic hormone

98
Q

ADH

A

Abbrev: antidiuretic hormone

99
Q

BS

A

Abbrev: blood sugar

100
Q

CSII

A

Abbrev: continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

101
Q

DM

A

Abbrev: diabetes mellitus

102
Q

FBG

A

Abbrev: fasting blood glucose

103
Q

FBS

A

Abbrev: fasting blood sugar

104
Q

FPG

A

Abbrev: fasting plasma glucose

105
Q

FTI

A

Abbrev: free thyroxine index

106
Q

GDM

A

Abbrev: gestational diabetes mellitus

107
Q

GH

A

Abbrev: growth hormone

108
Q

NPH

A

neutral protamine Hagedorn

109
Q

SIADH

A

Abbrev: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

110
Q

IFG

A

Abbrev: impaired fasting blood glucose

111
Q

RAIU

A

Abbrev: radioactive iodine uptake

112
Q

T1DM

A

Abbrev: type 1 diabetes mellitus

113
Q

T2DM

A

Abbrev: type 2 diabetes mellitus

114
Q

T3

A

Abbrev: triiodothyronine hormone

115
Q

T4

A

Abbrev: tetraiodothyronine, thyroxine hormone,

116
Q

T7

A

Abbrev: free thyroxine index

117
Q

TSH

A

Abbrev: thyroid-stimulating hormone

119
Q

Suffix: hormone that acts on another gland

A

-tropin, -tropic

120
Q

Where are steroid hormones secreted?

A

adrenal cortex

121
Q

Where are epinephrine & norepinephrine secreted?

A

adrenal medulla

122
Q

ductless glands which secrete hormones directly into the blood

A

endocrine glands

123
Q

endocrine gland secretion that travels through the blood and regulates the function of specific tissues, organs, and other glands

A

hormone

124
Q

pituitary gland, aka

A

hypophysis, aka

125
Q

gland found below the hypothalamus in the brain

A

hypophysis

126
Q

pituitary gland

A

gland found below the hypothalamus in the brain

127
Q

portion of the brain which controls the pituitary gland and is active in maintaining homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

128
Q

clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas which produce hormones that regulate sugar metabolism (insulin & glucagon)

A

pancreatic islets, islets of Langerhans, pancreatic islets

129
Q

4-6 small endocrine glands on the posterior thyroid that act to increase blood calcium levels

A

parathyroid glands

130
Q

small gland in the brain which secretes melatonin to regulate mood, daily rhythms, sexual development and response to environmental light

A

pineal gland

131
Q

secretes GH and other hormones that affect other glands in the body

A

anterior pituitary gland

132
Q

stores and secretes hormones manufactured in the hypothalamus such as antidiuretic hormone & oxytocin

A

posterior pituitary gland

133
Q

group of hormones that have various effects including uterine contraction stimulation, blood pressure regulation, blood clotting, and inflammation

A

prostaglandins

134
Q

site on a cell membrane which binds a specific substance or hormone

A

receptor

135
Q

hormone made from lipids, including those from the gonads and adrenal cortex

A

steroid hormone

136
Q

specific tissue on which a particular hormone acts due to the presence of specialized receptors

A

target tissue

137
Q

endocrine gland on either side of the larynx and upper trachea which secretes hormones that affect the metabolism, growth, and calcium balance

A

thyroid gland

138
Q

Root: endocrine glands or system

A

endocrin/o

139
Q

Root: pituitary gland, hypophysis

A

pituitar, hypophys

140
Q

Root: thyroid gland

A

thyroid/o, thyr/o

141
Q

Root: parathyroid gland

A

parathyroid/o, parathyr/o

142
Q

Root: adrenal gland, epinephrine

A

adren/o, adrenal/o

143
Q

Root: adrenal cortex

A

adrenocortic/o

144
Q

Root: pancreatic islets

A

insul/o

145
Q

overgrowth of bone and soft tissue, especially in hands, feet, and face, caused by excess growth hormone in an adult

A

acromegaly

146
Q

disease resulting from deficiency of adrenocortical hormones marked by darkening of the skin, weakness, and water loss and electrolyte imbalance

A

Addison’s disease

147
Q

neoplasm of a gland

A

adenoma

148
Q

condition caused by congenital lack of thyroid secretion which halts physical and mental development in infants

A

congenital hypothyroidism

149
Q

excess production of adrenocorticotropic hormone by the pituitary gland causing overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal cortex, which results in fluid retention, hypertension, obesity of the torso, weakness, excess hair growth, and a moon-shaped face

A

Cushing’s disease

150
Q

overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal cortex, which results in fluid retention, hypertension, obesity of the torso, weakness, excess hair growth, and a moon-shaped face

A

Cushing’s syndrome

151
Q

deficiency of insulin or failure of the tissues to respond to insulin, resulting in hypoglycemia

A

diabetes mellitus

152
Q

protrusion of the eyeballs

A

exophthalmos

153
Q

insufficient release of antidiuretic hormone, resulting in excessive thirst and production of large amounts of dilute urine

A

diabetes insipidus

154
Q

overgrowth of a child caused by excess growth hormone release by the pituitary gland

A

gigantism

155
Q

Abbrev: glycated hemoglobin test

A

HbA1c test

156
Q

test that measures the binding of glucose to hemoglobin during the lifespan of a red blood cell, reflecting the average blood glucose level over 2-3 months for treatment evaluation purposes

A

glycated hemoglobin test

157
Q

excess sugar in the urine

A

glycosuria

158
Q

enlargement of the thyroid gland

A

goiter

159
Q

autoimmune disease resulting in hyperthyroidism, causing weight loss, irritability, tachycardia, exophthalmos

A

Grave’s disease

160
Q

excess glucose in the blood

A

hyperglycemia

161
Q

abnormally low levels of glucose in the blood

A

hypoglycemia

162
Q

condition resulting from an overdose of insulin which causes hypoglycemia

A

insulin shock

163
Q

acidosis caused by abnormally high ketone wastes in the blood from the excess metabolism of fats when the body cannot use the glucose in the blood

A

ketoacidosis

164
Q

hyperglycemia caused by cellular resistance to insulin

A

metabolic syndrome/syndrome X/insulin resistance syndrome

165
Q

dry, waxy swelling in the face caused by hypothyroidism in an adult

A

myxedema

166
Q

underactivity of the entire pituitary gland

A

panhypopituitarism

167
Q

irritability and spasms of muscles associated with low blood calcium

A

tetany

168
Q

saddle shaped depression in the sphenoid bone which contains the pituitary gland

A

sella turcica

169
Q

bone at the base of the skull that houses the pituitary gland

A

sphenoid bone

170
Q

overproduction of androgens from the adrenal cortex, resulting in masculinization

A

adrenogenital syndrome

171
Q

adrenogenital syndrome caused by an adrenal tumour

A

Conn’s syndrome

172
Q

pituitary tumour

A

craniopharyngioma

173
Q

autoimmune disease causing chronic thyroiditis

A

Hashimoto’s disease

174
Q

hyperglycemia after glucose intake that may indicate borderline diabetes mellitus

A

impaired glucose tolerance

175
Q

Abbrev: impaired glucose tolerance

A

IGT

176
Q

accumulation of ketones in the blood, due to carbohydrate deficiency or inability to metabolize glucose causing an excess of fat metabolism and ketone waste formation

A

ketosis

177
Q

Abbrev: multiple endocrine neoplasia

A

MEN

178
Q

hereditary disorder that causes tumours in several endocrine glands

A

multiple endocrine neoplasia

179
Q

benign tumour in the adrenal medulla causing increased production of epinephrine & norepinephrine

A

pheochromocytoma

180
Q

sudden massive hemorrhage and degeneration of the pituitary gland associated with a pituitary tumor

A

pituitary apoplexy

181
Q

Abbrev: seasonal affective disorder

A

SAD

182
Q

mood disorder related to seasonal levels of environmental light exposure causing lethargy, depression, excessive need for sleep, and overeating

A

seasonal affective disorder

183
Q

hypofunction of anterior pituitary gland due to an infarction

A

pituitary cachexia, Simmond’s disease

184
Q

sudden onset of thyrotoxicosis in untreated or poorly treated hyperthyroidism

A

thyroid storm/thyroid crisis

185
Q

anxiety, irritability, weight loss, sweating caused by hyperthyroidism, such as Grave’s disease

A

thyrotoxicosis

186
Q

excess production of parathyroid hormone causing excess blood calcium drawn from the degeneration of bone

A

von Recklinghausen’s disease

187
Q

test for diabetes which measures glucose in the blood after fasting for 8 hours +

A

fasting plasma glucose

188
Q

test for diagnosing thyroid dysfunction based on T4 in the blood and T3 uptake

A

free thyroxine index

189
Q

test for patient’s ability to metabolize glucose which measures blood glucose after oral administration of glucose to a patient who has fasted

A

oral glucose tolerance test

190
Q

Abbrev: oral glucose tolerance test

A

OGTT

191
Q

test that evaluates thyroid function by measuring uptake of radioactive iodine

A

radioactive iodine uptake test

192
Q

using radioactively tagged antibodies & hormones in blood plasma to measure very small amounts of a substance, such as hormones

A

radioimmunoassay

193
Q

Abbrev: radioimmunoassay

A

RIA

194
Q

visualization of the thyroid after administration of radioactive iodine

A

thyroid scan

195
Q

test that measures the main protein that binds T4 in the blood

A

thyroxine-binding globulin test

196
Q

Abbrev: thyroxine-binding globulin test

A

TBG

197
Q

removal of pituitary tumour through the sphenoid sinus

A

transsphenoidal adenomectomy

198
Q

Abbrev: adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

ACTH

199
Q

Abbrev: antidiuretic hormone

A

ADH

200
Q

Abbrev: blood sugar

A

BS

201
Q

Abbrev: continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

A

CSII

202
Q

Abbrev: diabetes mellitus

A

DM

203
Q

Abbrev: fasting blood glucose

A

FBG

204
Q

Abbrev: fasting blood sugar

A

FBS

205
Q

Abbrev: fasting plasma glucose

A

FPG

206
Q

Abbrev: free thyroxine index

A

FTI

207
Q

Abbrev: gestational diabetes mellitus

A

GDM

208
Q

Abbrev: growth hormone

A

GH

209
Q

neutral protamine Hagedorn

A

NPH

210
Q

Abbrev: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

A

SIADH

211
Q

Abbrev: impaired fasting blood glucose

A

IFG

212
Q

Abbrev: radioactive iodine uptake

A

RAIU

213
Q

Abbrev: type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

T1DM

214
Q

Abbrev: type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

T2DM

215
Q

Abbrev: triiodothyronine hormone

A

T3

216
Q

Abbrev: tetraiodothyronine, thyroxine hormone,

A

T4

217
Q

Abbrev: free thyroxine index

A

T7

218
Q

Abbrev: thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

TSH

Medical Terminology B (7 decks)

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