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Medical Terminology B > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity

A

ascites

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1
Q

ascites

A

accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity

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2
Q

biliary colic

A

acute pain caused by gallstones in the bile ducts

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3
Q

acute pain caused by gallstones in the bile ducts

A

biliary colic

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4
Q

bilirubin

A

pigment from breakdown of hemoglobin found in bile

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5
Q

pigment from breakdown of hemoglobin found in bile

A

bilirubin

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6
Q

celiac disease

A

inability to absorb gluten proteins due to an excess immune reaction to them

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7
Q

inflammation of the gallbladder

A

cholecystitis

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8
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic liver disease with inflammation and degeneration of liver tissue

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9
Q

chronic liver disease with inflammation and degeneration of liver tissue

A

cirrhosis

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10
Q

cholelithiasis

A

having stones in the gallbladder or common bile duct

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11
Q

having stones in the gallbladder or common bile duct

A

cholelithiasis

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12
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

chronic inflammation of the GI tract, usually involving the ileum & colon

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13
Q

chronic inflammation of the GI tract, usually involving the ileum & colon

A

Crohn’s disease

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14
Q

diverticula

A

small abnormal pouches that develop in the walls of the colon

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15
Q

small abnormal pouches that develop in the walls of the colon

A

diverticula

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16
Q

functions of the small intestine

A

secretes enzymes, receives enzymes from accessory organs, digests food, and absorbs nutrients into the circulatory system

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17
Q

the organ that secretes enzymes, receives enzymes from accessory organs, digests food, and absorbs nutrients into the circulatory system

A

small intestine

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18
Q

functions of the large intestine

A

dehydrates, forms, stores, and eliminates undigested waste material

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19
Q

organ that dehydrates, forms, stores, and eliminates undigested waste material

A

large intestine

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20
Q

anus

A

distal opening of the GI tract

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21
Q

distal opening of the GI tract

A

anus

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22
Q

narrow tube of lymphatic tissue attached to the cecum

A

appendix

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23
Q

bile

A

secreted by the liver, emulsifies fats for better absorption

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24
Q

secreted by the liver, emulsifies fats for better absorption

A

bile

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25
Q

hepatic portal system

A

vessels that carry blood from the abdominal organs to the liver for processing

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26
Q

vessels that carry blood from the abdominal organs to the liver for processing

A

portal system

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27
Q

lacteals

A

lymphatic capillaries found in a villi of the small intestine which absorbs fats into the lymph

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28
Q

lymphatic capillaries found in a villi of the small intestine which absorbs fats into the lymph

A

lacteals

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29
Q

function of saliva

A

moisten food, lubricate, begin digestion of starches via salivary amylase

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30
Q

accessory digestive function of the liver

A

secretes bile which aids to emulsify fats

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31
Q

accessory digestive function of the pancreas

A

secretes variety of digestive enzymes, water to dilute food and lubricate, and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum

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32
Q

LES

A

lower esophageal sphincter

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33
Q

Abbrev: lower esophageal sphincter

A

LES

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34
Q

palate

A

roof of the mouth, partition btwn the mouth and nasal cavity

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35
Q

hard palate

A

bony anterior portion of the roof of the mouth

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36
Q

bony anterior portion of the roof of the mouth

A

hard palate

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37
Q

soft palate

A

soft posterior portion of the roof of the mouth

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38
Q

soft posterior portion of the roof of the mouth

A

soft palate

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39
Q

peristalsis

A

wavelike contractions of an organ’s walls

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40
Q

wavelike contractions of an organ’s walls

A

peristalsis

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41
Q

pylorus

A

distal opening of the stomach into the duodenum

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42
Q

distal opening of the stomach into the duodenum

A

pylorus

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43
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

circular muscle that controls the flow of food and gastric juices from the stomach into the duodenum

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44
Q

circular muscle that controls the flow of food and gastric juices from the stomach into the duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

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45
Q

rectum

A

distal portion of the large intestine that stores and eliminates digestive waste

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46
Q

distal portion of the large intestine that stores and eliminates digestive waste

A

rectum

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47
Q

Name the three pairs of salivary glands and their locations

A

parotid (in the cheeks above the jaw), submandibular (at the back of the mouth along the jaw), sublingual (in the floor of the mouth under the tongue)

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48
Q

Name the three sections of small intestine from proximal to distal

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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49
Q

uvula

A

fleshy mass that hangs from the soft palate which aids in speech

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50
Q

fleshy mass that hangs from the soft palate which aids in speech

A

uvula

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51
Q

villi

A

tiny projections in the lining of the wall of the small intestine which increase surface area for absorption

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52
Q

tiny projections in the lining of the wall of the small intestine which increase surface area for absorption

A

villi

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53
Q

bucc/o

A

cheek

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54
Q

gnath/o

A

jaw

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55
Q

stoma, stomat/o

A

mouth

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56
Q

sial/o

A

saliva, salivary gland, salivary duct

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57
Q

uvul/o

A

uvula

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58
Q

enter/o

A

intestine

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59
Q

cec/o

A

cecum

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60
Q

proct/o

A

rectum

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61
Q

an/o

A

anus

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62
Q

chol/e/o

A

bile

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63
Q

gall, aka

A

bile

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64
Q

bile, aka

A

gall

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65
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

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66
Q

cholangi/o

A

bile duct

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67
Q

choledoch/o

A

common bile duct

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68
Q

diverticulosis

A

presence of diverticula

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69
Q

presence of diverticula

A

diverticulosis

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70
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

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71
Q

difficulty swallowing

A

dysphagia

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72
Q

-phagia

A

swallowing, eating

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73
Q

emesis

A

vomitting

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74
Q

vomitting

A

emesis

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75
Q

fistula

A

abnormal passageway btwn two organs or from an organ to a body surface

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76
Q

abnormal passageway btwn two organs or from an organ to a body surface

A

fistula

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77
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach and intestines

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78
Q

GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

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79
Q

Abbrev: gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

GERD

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80
Q

warm or burning sensation felt behind the sternum, near the heart, and radiating upward

A

heartburn

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81
Q

heartburn, aka

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease, cliff 250-947-2484

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82
Q

heartburn

A

warm or burning sensation felt behind the sternum, near the heart, and radiating upward

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83
Q

reflux of gastric juices from the stomach into the esophagus caused by a weakness of the lower esophageal sphincter

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

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84
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

reflux of gastric juices from the stomach into the esophagus caused by a weakness of the lower esophageal sphincter

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85
Q

hemorrhoids

A

varicose veins in the rectum

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86
Q

hiatal hernia

A

protrusion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

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87
Q

protrusion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

A

hiatal hernia

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88
Q

icterus, aka

A

jaundice

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89
Q

jaundice, aka

A

icterus

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90
Q

jaundice

A

yellowish colouration of the skin, conjunctiva and mucous membranes due to high levels of bilirubin (bile pigments) in the blood

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91
Q

yellowish colouration of the skin, conjunctiva and mucous membranes due to high levels of bilirubin (bile pigments) in the blood

A

jaundice/icterus

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92
Q

icterus

A

yellowish colouration of the skin, conjunctiva and mucous membranes due to high levels of bilirubin (bile pigments) in the blood

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93
Q

ileus

A

intestinal obstruction caused by lack of peristalsis

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94
Q

intestinal obstruction caused by lack of peristalsis

A

ileus

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95
Q

intussusception

A

intestinal obstruction wherein one section of intestine slips inside another part below it

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96
Q

intestinal obstruction wherein one section of intestine slips inside another part below it

A

intussusception

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97
Q

occult blood

A

blood present in such a small amount that it is only detectable by microscope or chemical testing

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98
Q

blood present in such a small amount that it is only detectable by microscope or chemical testing

A

occult blood

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99
Q

peptic ulcer

A

ulcer caused by gastric juices in the esophagus, stomach or duodenal regions

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100
Q

ulcer caused by gastric juices in the esophagus, stomach or duodenal regions

A

peptic

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101
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum/peritoneal membrane

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102
Q

inflammation of the peritoneum/peritoneal membrane

A

peritonitis

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103
Q

polyp

A

small tumor that grows on a stalk

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104
Q

small tumor that grows on a stalk

A

polyp

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105
Q

portal hypertension

A

abnormal increase in pressure of the vessels in the portal system

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106
Q

abnormal increase in pressure of the vessels in the portal system

A

portal hypertension

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107
Q

pyloric stenosis

A

narrowing of the pylorus

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108
Q

pylorostenosis

A

narrowing of the pylorus

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109
Q

narrowing of the pylorus

A

pylorostenosis/pyloric stenosis

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110
Q

volvulus

A

intestinal obstruction caused by twisting of the intestine

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111
Q

intestinal obstruction caused by twisting of the intestine

A

volvulus

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112
Q

anastomosis

A

connecting of two vessels or tubular organs

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113
Q

connecting of two vessels or tubular organs

A

anastomosis

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114
Q

Dukes classification

A

A to C staging system for colorectal cancer based on level of penetration of the intestinal wall and lymph node involvement

115
Q

A to C staging system for colorectal cancer based on level of penetration of the intestinal wall and lymph node involvement

A

Dukes classification

116
Q

endoscopy

A

use of fiberoptic endoscope for visual examination inside the body

117
Q

ERCP

A

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

118
Q

Abbrev: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

A

ERCP

119
Q

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

A

technique wherein a contrast medium is injected into the pancreatic and biliary ducts via endoscope for radiographic imaging

120
Q

technique wherein a contrast medium is injected into the pancreatic and biliary ducts via endoscope for radiographic imaging

A

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

121
Q

ostomy

A

surgically created opening in the body for eliminating waste

122
Q

surgically created opening in the body for eliminating waste

A

ostomy

123
Q

stoma

A

surgically created opening between two organs or to the body surface

124
Q

surgically created opening between two organs or to the body surface

A

stoma

125
Q

bolus

A

mass of swallowed food

126
Q

mass of swallowed food

A

bolus

127
Q

cardia

A

part of the stomach near the esophagus (named for proximity to the heart)

128
Q

part of the stomach near the esophagus

A

cardia

129
Q

chyme

A

semiliquid mixture of partially digested food and gastric juices that moves from the stomach into the small intestine

130
Q

semiliquid mixture of partially digested food and gastric juices that moves from the stomach into the small intestine

A

chyme

131
Q

evacuation of feces from the rectum

A

defecation

132
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

133
Q

swallowing, aka

A

deglutition

134
Q

duodenal bulb

A

first flexure of the duodenum near the pylorus

135
Q

first flexure of the duodenum near the pylorus

A

duodenal bulb

136
Q

duodenal papilla

A

raised area where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct enter the duodenum

137
Q

raised area where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct enter the duodenum

A

duodenal papilla/ampulla of Vater

138
Q

ampulla of Vater

A

raised area where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct enter the duodenum

139
Q

ampulla of Vater, aka

A

duodenal papilla

140
Q

duodenal papilla, aka

A

ampulla of Vater

141
Q

hepatic flexure

A

the bend between the ascending and transverse portions of the colon, located in the RUQ

142
Q

the bend between the ascending and transverse portions of the colon, located in the RUQ

A

hepatic flexure

143
Q

splenic flexure

A

the bend between the transverse and descending portions of the colon, located in the LUQ

144
Q

the bend between the transverse and descending portions of the colon, located in the LUQ

A

splenic flexure

145
Q

ileocecal valve

A

valve-like structure at the junction of the small and large intestines

146
Q

valve-like structure at the junction of the small and large intestines

A

ileocecal valve

147
Q

rugae

A

large folds in the lining of the stomach

148
Q

large folds in the lining of the stomach

A

rugae

149
Q

sphincter of Oddi

A

circular muscle that controls the flow of bile from the common bile duct into the duodenum

150
Q

circular muscle that controls the flow of bile from the common bile duct into the duodenum

A

sphincter of Oddi

151
Q

achalasia

A

failure of smooth muscle in the LES to relax, such that food travelling to the stomach is retained in the esophagus

152
Q

failure of smooth muscle in the LES to relax, such that food travelling to the stomach is retained in the esophagus

A

achalasia

153
Q

achlorhydria

A

lack of HCl in the stomach

154
Q

lack of HCl in the stomach

A

achlorhydria

155
Q

hyperchlorhydria

A

excess HCl in the stomach

156
Q

excess HCl in the stomach

A

hyperchlorhydria

157
Q

anorexia

A

loss of appetite (symptom of but not synonymous with the condition “anorexia nervosa”)

158
Q

loss of appetite

A

anorexia

159
Q

aphagia

A

inability to eat/swallow

160
Q

inability to eat/swallow

A

aphagia

161
Q

aphthous ulcer

A

small ulcer in the mucous membrane of the mouth

162
Q

small ulcer in the mucous membrane of the mouth

A

aphthous ulcer

163
Q

Barrett syndrome

A

lower esophageal ulcer resulting from inflammation

164
Q

lower esophageal ulcer resulting from inflammation

A

Barrett syndrome

165
Q

bruxism

A

clenching & grinding of the teeth during sleep

166
Q

clenching & grinding of the teeth during sleep

A

bruxism

167
Q

bulimia

A

psychological condition characterized by an excessive, insatiable appetite, followed by fasting, or induced vomiting or diarrhea

168
Q

psychological condition characterized by an excessive, insatiable appetite, followed by fasting, or induced vomiting or diarrhea

A

bulimia

169
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

psychological condition characterized by refusal or inability to eat due to loss of appetite

170
Q

psychological condition characterized by refusal or inability to eat due to loss of appetite

A

anorexia nervosa

171
Q

cachexia

A

profound ill health, malnutrition, and wasting

172
Q

profound ill health, malnutrition, and wasting

A

cachexia

173
Q

Root: cheek

A

bucc/o

174
Q

Root: tooth/teeth

A

dent/o/i, odont/o

175
Q

Root: gums

A

gingiv/o

176
Q

Root: tongue

A

gloss/o, lingu/o

177
Q

Root: jaw

A

gnath/o

178
Q

Root: mouth

A

or/o, stoma, stomat/o

179
Q

Root: palate/roof of the mouth

A

palat/o

180
Q

Root: saliva, salivary gland, salivary duct

A

sial/o

181
Q

Root: uvula

A

uvul/o

182
Q

Root: intestine

A

enter/o

183
Q

Root: rectum

A

proct/o, rect/o

184
Q

Root: anus

A

an/o

185
Q

Root: bile

A

bili, chol/e/o

186
Q

Root: gallbladder

A

cholecyst/o

187
Q

Root: bile duct

A

cholangi/o

188
Q

Root: common bile duct

A

choledoch/o

189
Q

Root: swallow, eat

A

phag/o

190
Q

Suffix: swallowing, eating

A

-phagia

191
Q

caries

A

tooth decay

192
Q

tooth decay, aka

A

caries

193
Q

leukoplakia

A

white patches on mucous membranes

194
Q

white patches on mucous membranes

A

leukoplakia

195
Q

thrush

A

fungal infection of the mouth and/or throat which appears as mucosal white patches or ulcers and is caused by Candida organism

196
Q

fungal infection of the mouth and/or throat which appears as mucosal white patches or ulcers and is caused by Candida organism

A

thrush

197
Q

cheilosis

A

cracking of the corners of the mouth, often caused by B vitamin deficiency

198
Q

cracking of the corners of the mouth, often caused by B vitamin deficiency

A

cheilosis

199
Q

cholestasis

A

stoppage of bile flow

200
Q

stoppage of bile flow

A

cholestasis

201
Q

constipation

A

infrequent or difficulty defecating of hard, dry feces

202
Q

infrequent or difficulty defecating of hard, dry feces

A

constipation

203
Q

dyspepsia

A

poor or painful digestion

204
Q

poor or painful digestion

A

dyspepsia

205
Q

eructation

A

belching/burping

206
Q

belching/burping

A

eructation

207
Q

familial adenomatous polyposis

A

hereditary condition where multiple polyps form in the colorectal region, predisposing the individual to cancer

208
Q

hereditary condition where multiple polyps form in the colorectal region, predisposing the individual to cancer

A

familial adenomatous polyposis

209
Q

FAP

A

familial adenomatous polyposis

210
Q

Abbrev: familial adenomatous polyposis

A

FAP

211
Q

flatulence

A

condition of having gas or air in the GI tract

212
Q

condition of having gas or air in the GI tract

A

flatulence

213
Q

flatus

A

gas or air in the GI tract expelled through the anus

214
Q

gas or air in the GI tract expelled through the anus

A

flatus

215
Q

flatus, aka

A

fart

216
Q

fart, aka

A

flatus

217
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting of blood

218
Q

vomiting of blood

A

hematemesis

219
Q

irritable bowel syndrome

A

chronic stress-related disease of the GI tract characterized by diarrhea, constipation, and pain associated with rhythmic intestinal contractions

220
Q

chronic stress-related disease of the GI tract characterized by diarrhea, constipation, and pain associated with rhythmic intestinal contractions

A

irritable bowel syndrome

221
Q

megacolon

A

an extremely dilated colon, either congenital or due to acute ulcerative colitis

222
Q

an extremely dilated colon, either congenital or due to acute ulcerative colitis

A

megacolon

223
Q

melena

A

black tarry feces resulting from blood in the intestines

224
Q

black tarry feces resulting from blood in the intestines

A

melena

225
Q

obstipation

A

extreme constipation

226
Q

extreme constipation

A

obstipation

227
Q

pernicious anemia

A

anemia caused by the stomach’s failure to produce intrinsic factor, with is needed for the absorption of vitamin B12 for hemoglobin synthesis

228
Q

anemia caused by the stomach’s failure to produce intrinsic factor, with is needed for the absorption of vitamin B12 for hemoglobin synthesis

A

pernicious anemia

229
Q

pilonidal cyst

A

dermal cyst in the sacral region, usually located at the top of the cleft between the two buttocks, which may become infected and begin to drain

230
Q

dermal cyst in the sacral region, usually located at the top of the cleft between the two buttocks, which may become infected and begin to drain

A

pilonidal cyst

231
Q

Vincent disease

A

severe gingivitis and necrosis associated with a particular bacteria

232
Q

severe gingivitis and necrosis associated with a particular bacteria

A

Vincent disease

233
Q

trench mouth, aka

A

Vincent disease

234
Q

Vincent disease, aka

A

trench mouth

235
Q

appendectomy

A

surgical removal of the appendix

236
Q

bariatrics

A

branch of medicine concerned with prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases

237
Q

branch of medicine concerned with prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases

A

bariatrics

238
Q

bariatric surgery

A

includes various surgeries to reduce the size of the stomach and therefore reduce nutrient absorption

239
Q

includes various surgeries to reduce the size of the stomach and therefore reduce nutrient absorption

A

bariatric surgery

240
Q

Billroth operations

A

gastroectomy with anastomosis of the stomach to the duodenum or the jejunum

241
Q

gavage

A

feeding through a nasogastric tube in the stomach

242
Q

feeding through a nasogastric tube in the stomach

A

gavage

243
Q

gastroectomy with anastomosis of the stomach to the duodenum or the jejunum

A

Billroth operations

244
Q

lavage

A

washing out of a cavity

245
Q

washing out of a cavity

A

lavage

246
Q

manometry

A

measuring of pressure in the portal system as an aid in diagnosing an obstruction

247
Q

measuring of pressure in the portal system as an aid in diagnosing an obstruction

A

manometry

248
Q

Murphy sign

A

inability to take a deep breath when fingers are pressed in the right subcostal region, signifying gallbladder disease

249
Q

inability to take a deep breath when fingers are pressed in the right subcostal region, signifying gallbladder disease

A

Murphy sign

250
Q

tube that is placed through the nose, pharynx, and esophagus and into the stomach

A

nasogastric tube

251
Q

NG

A

nasogastric tube

252
Q

parenteral hyperalimentation

A

complete intravenous feeding for one who cannot take food

253
Q

complete intravenous feeding for one who cannot take food

A

parenteral hyperalimentation

254
Q

TPN

A

total parenteral nutrition

255
Q

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube

A

tube inserted into the stomach for long-term feeding

256
Q

tube inserted into the stomach for long-term feeding

A

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube

257
Q

PEG tube

A

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube

258
Q

vagotomy

A

surgical or chemical interruption of vagal nerve impulses to reduce stomach secretions in the treatment of a gastric ulcer

259
Q

surgical or chemical interruption of vagal nerve impulses to reduce stomach secretions in the treatment of a gastric ulcer

A

vagotomy

260
Q

antispasmodic

A

drug that relieves smooth muscle spasms

261
Q

emetic

A

drug that induces vomiting

262
Q

drug that induces vomiting

A

emetic

263
Q

laxative

A

drug that promotes elimination

264
Q

BE

A

barium enema

265
Q

BM

A

bowel movement

266
Q

EGD

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

267
Q

Abbrev: esophagogastroduodenoscopy

A

EGD

268
Q

HAV

A

hepatitis A virus

269
Q

HBV

A

hepatitis B virus

270
Q

HCV

A

hepatitis C virus

271
Q

HDV

A

hepatitis D virus

272
Q

HEV

A

hepatitis E virus

273
Q

HCl

A

hydrochloric acid

274
Q

IBD

A

inflammatory bowel disease

275
Q

IBS

A

inflammatory bowel syndrome

276
Q

N&V

A

nausea & vomiting

277
Q

Abbrev: nausea and vomiting

A

N&V

278
Q

N/V/D

A

nausea, vomiting & diarrhea

279
Q

Abbrev: nausea, vomiting & diarrhea

A

N/V/D

280
Q

PONV

A

postoperative nausea & vomiting

281
Q

Abbrev: postoperative nausea & vomiting

A

PONV

282
Q

PPI

A

proton pump inhibitor

283
Q

Abbrev: proton pump inhibitor

A

PPI

284
Q

UGI

A

upper gastrointestinal

285
Q

Abbrev: upper gastrointestinal (radiographic term)

A

UGI

Medical Terminology B (7 decks)

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