Urinary System Flashcards
angiotensin
blood component that causes vasoconstriction, thus increasing blood pressure
antidiuretic hormone
hormone from the pituitary gland that promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys, concentrating the urine
calyx
cup-like cavity which collects newly formed urine and directs it to the renal pelvis
diuresis
increased urinary excretion
diuretic
substance that promotes increased urine excretion
erythropoietin
hormone produced in the kidneys which stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow
EPO
erythropoietin
glomerular capsule, aka
Bowman’s capsule, aka
glomerular capsule
part of the nephron that houses the glomerulus and filters material from the blood through its walls and into the nephron itself
glomerular filtrate
fluid and dissolved materials that filter out of the blood and enter the nephron through the glomerular capsule
glomerulus
cluster of capillaries within the glomerular capsule
functions of the kidney
organ that filters metabolic wastes from the blood, forms urine, and regulates the blood content of water, electrolytes, and pH balance
micturition, aka
urination, aka
micturition
voiding of urine
urination
voiding of urine
nephron
functional unit of the kidney
structure of a nephron
microscopic unit composed of capillaries, a glomerulus and glomerular capsule, a nephron loop and collecting duct
function of a nephron
microscopic unit that filters the blood and balances the composition of urine
renin
enzyme produced by the kidney that activates angiotensin in the blood to raise blood pressure
tubular reabsorption
return of useful substances from the glomerular filtrate to the blood via the peritubular capillaries
urea
main metabolic waste product in urine, produced during protein synthesis
function of the bladder
organ that stores and eliminates urine
urine
waste fluid excreted by the kidneys, composes of water, electrolytes, urea, and other metabolic wastes
ren/o
Root: kidney
nephr/o
Root: kidney
pyel/o
Root: renal pelvis, basin
cali/o
Root: calyx
vesic/o
Root: urinary bladder
dysuria
painful or difficult urination
pyuria
presence of pus in the urine
oliguria
passage of only small amounts of urine
uremia
condition where urea and other wastes accumulate in the blood due to kidney failure
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
urinary stasis
stoppage of urine flow, stagnation
cystoscope
instrument for examining the urinary bladder & removing specimens for biopsy
dialysis
process of filtering blood through a semi-permeable membrane to remove wastes due to kidney failure or removal
two types of dialysis
hemodialysis & peritoneal dialysis
hemodialysis
process of filtering blood through a semi-permeable membrane to remove wastes
peritoneal dialysis
process of introducing fluid into the peritoneal cavity, which is periodically replaced as it collects wastes
intravenous pyelography, aka
intravenous urography, aka
intravenous pyelography
radiographic imaging of the renal pelves as a contrast medium is excreted through the urine after being injected intravenously
intravenous urography
radiographic imaging of the urinary tract as a contrast medium is excreted through the urine after being injected intravenously
IVU
Abbrev: intravenous urography
IVP
Abbrev: intravenous pyelography
lithotripsy
crushing of a stone
lithotomy
removal of a stone
specific gravity
weight of a substance compared to that of an equal volume of water, often used in urinalysis
urinalysis
laboratory study of urine sample for physical and chemical properties, and microscopic appearance
ileal conduit
surgical rerouting of ureters into isolated segment of ileum which then drains directly out of the abdominal wall
lithotomy
surgical incision into an organ to remove a stone
aldosterone
hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that regulates electrolyte excretion in the kidneys
renal plasma clearance
volume of plasma that can be cleared of a substance by the kidneys, per unit of time
creatinine
metabolic waste product from muscle metabolism
detrusor muscle
muscle in the bladder wall
diuresis
increased excretion of urine
glomerular filtration rate
amount of filtrate formed by the nephrons of both kidneys, per minute
maximal transport capacity
maximum rate at which a substance can be transported across the renal tubule
renal corpuscle
components are the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus
anuresis
lack of urination
anuria
lack of urine formation
azotemia
presence of increased nitrogenous waste in the blood, especially urea
azoturia
presence of increased nitrogenous waste in the urine, especially urea
cystocele
herniation of the bladder into the vagina
diabetes insipidus
inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone, resulting in excess production of dilute urine and dehydration
enuresis
involuntary urination, bed-wetting
epispadias
congenital condition where urethra opens into a cleft on top side/ dorsal surface of penis
anaspadias
congenital condition where urethra opens into a cleft on top side/dorsal surface of penis
anaspadias, aka
epispadias, aka
glycosuria
presence of glucose in the urine
horseshoe kidney
congenital transabdominal union of posterior kidney poles
hydroureter
distention of the ureter with urine due to obstruction
hypospadias
congenital condition where urethra opens into ventral/undersurface of penis or into vagina
hypovolemia
decrease in blood volume
incontinence
inability to retain urine
neurogenic bladder
bladder dysfunction originating from a CNS lesion
pitting edema
depression remains after release of finger pressed firmly into skin
polycystic kidney disease
hereditary condition wherein the kidneys are enlarged and filled with many cysts
polydipsia
excessive thirst
polyuria
elimination of large amounts of urine
staghorn calculus
kidney stone that fills the renal pelvis and calices
uterocele
cyst-like dilation of ureter near bladder, usually due to congenitally narrow ureteral opening
urinary frequency
need to urinate often without increase in average output
urinary urgency
sudden need to urinate
water intoxication
excess intake or retention of water with decrease in electrolytes
Wilms tumour
malignant tumor of the kidney seen in children under 5 yrs old
anion gap
measure of electrolyte imbalance
BUN
Abbrev: blood urea nitrogen
blood urea nitrogen
measure of nitrogenous wastes in the blood which may indicate renal failure
clean-catch specimen
urine sample obtained by thoroughly cleansing urethra and catching urine midstream to minimize contamination
cystometography
study of the strength of the urinary bladder muscle to expel injected fluid or air
