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Histology Exam 2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine glands are a group of organs that synthesize and release ______ into capillaries

A

hormones

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2
Q

the _____ can be considered an endocrine organ in that the basal hypothalamus secretes hormones.

A

brain

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3
Q

the nervous and endocrine elements of control are often lumped together under the heading ____ system

A

neuroendocrine

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4
Q

= hypophysis

A

pituitary gland

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5
Q

=pituitary gland

continues with the hypothalamus of brain at the median eminence

A

hypophysis

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6
Q

an endocrine organ with obvious neural and non neural endocrine components

A

pituitary gland, hypophysis

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7
Q

derived from a portion of the forming brain called the infundibulum of the diencephalon

A

neural hypophyseal tissue

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8
Q

neural hypophyseal tissue is derived from a portion of the forming brain called the infundibulum of the diencephalon

A

infundibulum of the diencephalon

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9
Q

non neural hypophyseal tissue is derived from the external epithelial lining of a structure called ____ in birds and mammals

A

Rathke’s Pocket

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10
Q

is derived from the external epithelial lining of a structure called Rathke’s Pocket in birds and mammals

A

non neural hypophyseal tissue

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11
Q

diencephalic infundibulum (posterior lobe of the pituitary) forms ___

A

neurohypophysis

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12
Q

(posterior lobe of the pituitary) forms neurohypophysis

A

diencephalic infundibulum

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13
Q

pars nervosa =

continues with the hypothalamus of brain at the median eminence

A

neurohypophysis

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14
Q

neurohypophysis =

A

pars nervosa

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15
Q

the epithelial lining of Rathke’s pocket forms the _____(anterior lobe of the pituitary)- non neural hypophysis

A

andenohypophysis

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16
Q

the epithelial lining of ____ _____ forms the adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of the pituitary)- non neural hypophysis

A

Rathke’s pocket

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17
Q

three parts of the adenohypophysis

A
  1. pars distalis
  2. pars intermedia
  3. pars tuberalis
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18
Q

anterior lobe of the pituitary, largest component of the adenohypophysis

A

pars distalis

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19
Q

lies between neurohypophysis and pars distalis

A

pars intermedia

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20
Q

andenohypophysis tissues that surround the stalk of the pars nervosa

A

pars tuberalis

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21
Q

5 arteries provide blood to the pituitary gland

A

2 superior hypophyseal arteries
2 inferior hypophyseal arteries
Trabecular artery

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22
Q

venues that form from capillaries in the median eminence extend through the pars tubercles, enter the pars distal is, and form a second capillary network (a portal system) within its tissue =

A

hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system

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23
Q

2 major classes of cells are present in the pars distalis

A

chromophobes and chromophils

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24
Q

in the pars distalis
cytoplasm doesn’t pick up stain
cytoplasm appears white or clear
form supporting network for adenohypophysis tissues

A

chromophobes

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25
Q

in the pars details

these cells pick up basic or acidic stains - basophils and acidophils

A

chromophils

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26
Q

basophils in the pars distalis are _____ cells and secrete

A

gonadotropic cells
secrete hormones that affect reproductive organs
FSH: follicle stimulating hormone
LH: leuteinizing hormone
ICSH: in males, interstitial cell stimulating hormone

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27
Q

glycoprotein that stimulates and supports early growth of follicles in ovary and spermatogenesis in testis

A

FSH follicle stimulating hormone

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28
Q

glycoprotein that reaches peak during menstrual cycle. 24 hr after peak, ovulation occurs

A

LH leuteinizing hormone

29
Q

stimulates interstitial cells of leydig in testes to secrete testosterone

A

ICSH: in males, interstitial cell stimulating hormone

30
Q

acidophils in the pars distalis are _____ cells and secrete

A

mammotropic sells
secrete prolactin

and

somatotropic cells
secrete growth hormone -somatotropin

31
Q

peptide hormone that triggers secretion of milk by mammary glands

32
Q

lack of this hormone results in hypopituitary dwarfism which can be treated in some cases with hormone injections

A

growth hormone

somatotropin

33
Q

overproduction of this hormone can cause gigantism and may eventually result in acromegaly

A

growth hormone

somatotropin

34
Q

major effect of ____ is to increase permeability to water of the tubules of the kidney. Causes a higher rate of reabsorption of watery the cells of the tubule epithelial lining and thus concentrates the urine

A

vasopressin

35
Q

____ promotes contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterine wall during copulation and parturition. also, promotes contraction of myoepithelial cells that surround ducts of mammary glands

36
Q

paired organs that usually lie on the superior poles of the kidneys, embedded in adipose tissue
- have dense collagenous CT capsule

A

adrenal glands

37
Q

2 major regions of the adrenal glands

A

adrenal corten and adrenal medulla (center)

38
Q

the supporting framework of the adrenal cortex and medulla is called the ____, which is mainly composed of reticular fibers

39
Q

as an embryo develops, the cortex of the adrenal gland is derived from ______ cells in the region of the kidney

A

mesodermal cells

40
Q

the cells of the adrenal medulla are derived from a specialized group of neural ectoderm cells that are called the ___ ____

A

neural crest

41
Q

3 layers of adrenal cortex

A 
outer capsule 
cortex
1. zona glomerulosa 
2. zona fasciculata
3. zona reticularis 
medulla
42
Q

in the adrenal cortex,
columnar to pyramidal cells arranged in FOLDED CORDS surrounded by capillaries/ sinusoids
- stain darker
- outer layer nearest the capsule

A

zona glomerulosa

43
Q

in the adrenal cortex
these cells secrete mineral corticoids, mainly aldosterone which is important in maintaining water balance
- not a large # of lipid droplet in cytoplasm

A

zona glomerulosa

44
Q

hormone secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex that is important in maintaining water balance

A

aldosterone

45
Q

in the adrenal cortex

  • cells are polyhedral and are arranged in straight cords (columns) with capillaries running B/T
  • stain lighter, middle layer and lightest staining
  • many lipid droplets present in cytoplasm
A

zona fasciculata

46
Q

in the adrenal cortex,

these cells secrete glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol and sex hormones

A

zona fasciculata

47
Q

hormone secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex that is important in the regulation of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism

48
Q

in the adrenal cortex
closest layer to the medulla
cells are polyhedral with spherical nucleus and arranged in irregular cords with capillaries and sinusoids in between
lipofuscin granules in cells
cells secrete androgens, progesterone and estrogen

A

zona reticularis

49
Q

in the adrenal cortex

cells secrete androgens, progesterone and estrogen

A

zona reticularis

50
Q

secretory granules in the adrenal medulla that stain brown are called

A

chromaffin cells

51
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted from the

A

adrenal medulla

52
Q

located below the larynx, partially encircling the esophagus

- covered by a capsule of loose CT

53
Q

inter follicular connective tissue that separates follicles in the thyroid contain lots of

A

reticular fibers

54
Q

the thyroid tissue is separated into lobes that are composed of ____, each containing a lumen filled with a gelatinous substance _____

A

follicles

colloid

55
Q

each follicle of the thyroid consists of a ___ ____ ____ surrounding the colloid

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

56
Q

cells of the thyroid follicles are responsible for synthesis of thyroid hormones, the most abundant of which is

57
Q

the main thyroid hormones are (2)

A
  1. thyroxine (T4)

2. triiodothyronine (T3)

58
Q

in addition to follicle cells, _____ _____ are found between the follicles in humans

A

parafollicular cells

59
Q

these cell secrete calcitonin that causes a reduction of calcium in the blood, in part by inhibiting the activities of osteoclasts

A

parafollicular cells

60
Q

this polypeptide is secreted by parafollicular cells

- causes a reduction of valium in the blood by inhibiting osteoclasts

A

calcitonin

61
Q

small organs embedded in the wall of the thyroid

A

parathyroid glands

62
Q

complete removal of the thyroid gland was noted to cause death because of spasms of the laryngeal and thoracic muscles that prevented breathing _ called ___

63
Q

3 cell types in the parathyroid glands

A
  1. adipose cells (increase in # with age)
  2. chief or principal cells
  3. oxphil cells
64
Q

secrete parathyroid hormone

pale staining cytoplasm

A

chief or principal cells

65
Q

not present at birth
start appearing in parathyroid tissues around age 7
unknown function
acidophilic cytoplasm

A

oxyphil cells

66
Q

major function of parathyroid glands

A

parathyroid hormone causes increase in calcium in the blood by promoting activity of osteoclasts in the breakdown of calcified matrix

67
Q

this hormone causes an increase in blood calcium levels

opposite calcitonin

A

parathyroid hormone

68
Q

pair of hormones that balance and regulate calcium levels in the body

A 
calcitonin ( of thyroid parafollicular cells ) 
parathyroid hormone ( of chief cells of parathyroid)

Histology Exam 2 (6 decks)

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