Endocrine System

Question 1

endocrine glands are a group of organs that synthesize and release ______ into capillaries

Answer 1

hormones

Question 2

the _____ can be considered an endocrine organ in that the basal hypothalamus secretes hormones.

Answer 2

brain

Question 3

the nervous and endocrine elements of control are often lumped together under the heading ____ system

Answer 3

neuroendocrine

Question 4

= hypophysis

Answer 4

pituitary gland

Question 5

=pituitary gland

continues with the hypothalamus of brain at the median eminence

Answer 5

hypophysis

Question 6

an endocrine organ with obvious neural and non neural endocrine components

Answer 6

pituitary gland, hypophysis

Question 7

derived from a portion of the forming brain called the infundibulum of the diencephalon

Answer 7

neural hypophyseal tissue

Question 8

neural hypophyseal tissue is derived from a portion of the forming brain called the infundibulum of the diencephalon

Answer 8

infundibulum of the diencephalon

Question 9

non neural hypophyseal tissue is derived from the external epithelial lining of a structure called ____ in birds and mammals

Answer 9

Rathke’s Pocket

Question 10

is derived from the external epithelial lining of a structure called Rathke’s Pocket in birds and mammals

Answer 10

non neural hypophyseal tissue

Question 11

diencephalic infundibulum (posterior lobe of the pituitary) forms ___

Answer 11

neurohypophysis

Question 12

(posterior lobe of the pituitary) forms neurohypophysis

Answer 12

diencephalic infundibulum

Question 13

pars nervosa =

continues with the hypothalamus of brain at the median eminence

Answer 13

neurohypophysis

Question 14

neurohypophysis =

Answer 14

pars nervosa

Question 15

the epithelial lining of Rathke’s pocket forms the _____(anterior lobe of the pituitary)- non neural hypophysis

Answer 15

andenohypophysis

Question 16

the epithelial lining of ____ _____ forms the adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of the pituitary)- non neural hypophysis

Answer 16

Rathke’s pocket

Question 17

three parts of the adenohypophysis

Answer 17

1. pars distalis
2. pars intermedia
3. pars tuberalis

Question 18

anterior lobe of the pituitary, largest component of the adenohypophysis

Answer 18

pars distalis

Question 19

lies between neurohypophysis and pars distalis

Answer 19

pars intermedia

Question 20

andenohypophysis tissues that surround the stalk of the pars nervosa

Answer 20

pars tuberalis

Question 21

5 arteries provide blood to the pituitary gland

Answer 21

2 superior hypophyseal arteries
2 inferior hypophyseal arteries
Trabecular artery

Question 22

venues that form from capillaries in the median eminence extend through the pars tubercles, enter the pars distal is, and form a second capillary network (a portal system) within its tissue =

Answer 22

hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system

Question 23

2 major classes of cells are present in the pars distalis

Answer 23

chromophobes and chromophils

Question 24

in the pars distalis
cytoplasm doesn’t pick up stain
cytoplasm appears white or clear
form supporting network for adenohypophysis tissues

Answer 24

chromophobes

Question 25

in the pars details | these cells pick up basic or acidic stains - basophils and acidophils

Answer 25

chromophils

Question 26

basophils in the pars distalis are _____ cells and secrete

Answer 26

gonadotropic cells secrete hormones that affect reproductive organs FSH: follicle stimulating hormone LH: leuteinizing hormone ICSH: in males, interstitial cell stimulating hormone

Question 27

glycoprotein that stimulates and supports early growth of follicles in ovary and spermatogenesis in testis

Answer 27

FSH follicle stimulating hormone

Question 28

glycoprotein that reaches peak during menstrual cycle. 24 hr after peak, ovulation occurs

Answer 28

LH leuteinizing hormone

Question 29

stimulates interstitial cells of leydig in testes to secrete testosterone

Answer 29

ICSH: in males, interstitial cell stimulating hormone

Question 30

acidophils in the pars distalis are _____ cells and secrete

Answer 30

mammotropic sells secrete prolactin and somatotropic cells secrete growth hormone -somatotropin

Question 31

peptide hormone that triggers secretion of milk by mammary glands

Answer 31

prolactin

Question 32

lack of this hormone results in hypopituitary dwarfism which can be treated in some cases with hormone injections

Answer 32

growth hormone | somatotropin

Question 33

overproduction of this hormone can cause gigantism and may eventually result in acromegaly

Answer 33

growth hormone | somatotropin

Question 34

major effect of ____ is to increase permeability to water of the tubules of the kidney. Causes a higher rate of reabsorption of watery the cells of the tubule epithelial lining and thus concentrates the urine

Answer 34

vasopressin

Question 35

____ promotes contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterine wall during copulation and parturition. also, promotes contraction of myoepithelial cells that surround ducts of mammary glands

Answer 35

oxytocin

Question 36

paired organs that usually lie on the superior poles of the kidneys, embedded in adipose tissue - have dense collagenous CT capsule

Answer 36

adrenal glands

Question 37

2 major regions of the adrenal glands

Answer 37

adrenal corten and adrenal medulla (center)

Question 38

the supporting framework of the adrenal cortex and medulla is called the ____, which is mainly composed of reticular fibers

Answer 38

stroma

Question 39

as an embryo develops, the cortex of the adrenal gland is derived from ______ cells in the region of the kidney

Answer 39

mesodermal cells

Question 40

the cells of the adrenal medulla are derived from a specialized group of neural ectoderm cells that are called the ___ ____

Answer 40

neural crest

Question 41

3 layers of adrenal cortex

Answer 41

``` outer capsule cortex 1. zona glomerulosa 2. zona fasciculata 3. zona reticularis medulla ```

Question 42

in the adrenal cortex, columnar to pyramidal cells arranged in FOLDED CORDS surrounded by capillaries/ sinusoids - stain darker - outer layer nearest the capsule

Answer 42

zona glomerulosa

Question 43

in the adrenal cortex these cells secrete mineral corticoids, mainly aldosterone which is important in maintaining water balance - not a large # of lipid droplet in cytoplasm

Answer 43

zona glomerulosa

Question 44

hormone secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex that is important in maintaining water balance

Answer 44

aldosterone

Question 45

in the adrenal cortex - cells are polyhedral and are arranged in straight cords (columns) with capillaries running B/T - stain lighter, middle layer and lightest staining - many lipid droplets present in cytoplasm

Answer 45

zona fasciculata

Question 46

in the adrenal cortex, | these cells secrete glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol and sex hormones

Answer 46

zona fasciculata

Question 47

hormone secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex that is important in the regulation of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 47

cortisol

Question 48

in the adrenal cortex closest layer to the medulla cells are polyhedral with spherical nucleus and arranged in irregular cords with capillaries and sinusoids in between lipofuscin granules in cells cells secrete androgens, progesterone and estrogen

Answer 48

zona reticularis

Question 49

in the adrenal cortex | cells secrete androgens, progesterone and estrogen

Answer 49

zona reticularis

Question 50

secretory granules in the adrenal medulla that stain brown are called

Answer 50

chromaffin cells

Question 51

epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted from the

Answer 51

adrenal medulla

Question 52

located below the larynx, partially encircling the esophagus | - covered by a capsule of loose CT

Answer 52

thyroid

Question 53

inter follicular connective tissue that separates follicles in the thyroid contain lots of

Answer 53

reticular fibers

Question 54

the thyroid tissue is separated into lobes that are composed of ____, each containing a lumen filled with a gelatinous substance _____

Answer 54

follicles | colloid

Question 55

each follicle of the thyroid consists of a ___ ____ ____ surrounding the colloid

Answer 55

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 56

cells of the thyroid follicles are responsible for synthesis of thyroid hormones, the most abundant of which is

Answer 56

thyroxin

Question 57

the main thyroid hormones are (2)

Answer 57

1. thyroxine (T4) | 2. triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 58

in addition to follicle cells, _____ _____ are found between the follicles in humans

Answer 58

parafollicular cells

Question 59

these cell secrete calcitonin that causes a reduction of calcium in the blood, in part by inhibiting the activities of osteoclasts

Answer 59

parafollicular cells

Question 60

this polypeptide is secreted by parafollicular cells | - causes a reduction of valium in the blood by inhibiting osteoclasts

Answer 60

calcitonin

Question 61

small organs embedded in the wall of the thyroid

Answer 61

parathyroid glands

Question 62

complete removal of the thyroid gland was noted to cause death because of spasms of the laryngeal and thoracic muscles that prevented breathing _ called ___

Answer 62

tetany

Question 63

3 cell types in the parathyroid glands

Answer 63

1. adipose cells (increase in # with age) 2. chief or principal cells 3. oxphil cells

Question 64

secrete parathyroid hormone | pale staining cytoplasm

Answer 64

chief or principal cells

Question 65

not present at birth start appearing in parathyroid tissues around age 7 unknown function acidophilic cytoplasm

Answer 65

oxyphil cells

Question 66

major function of parathyroid glands

Answer 66

parathyroid hormone causes increase in calcium in the blood by promoting activity of osteoclasts in the breakdown of calcified matrix

Question 67

this hormone causes an increase in blood calcium levels | opposite calcitonin

Answer 67

parathyroid hormone

Question 68

pair of hormones that balance and regulate calcium levels in the body

Answer 68

``` calcitonin ( of thyroid parafollicular cells ) parathyroid hormone ( of chief cells of parathyroid) ```