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Histology Exam 2 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

the digestive system extends from ____ to ___

A

mouth to anus

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2
Q

4 layers of the digestive tract

A
  1. mucosa (next to lumen)
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa or adventitia
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3
Q

in the mucosal layer, consists of loose connective tissue and includes blood and lymph vessels and sometimes glands

A

lamina propria

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4
Q

smooth muscle region called ___ ____ lies below the lamina propria in the mucosa

A

muscularis mucosae

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5
Q

the movements caused by the ___ ____ act to increase contact of the mucosal epithelium with food in the digestive tract.

A

muscularis mucosae

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6
Q

_____ is the only section of the intestine that has glands in the submucosa

A

duodenum

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7
Q

parts of the mucosa

A 
(lumen)
epithelial lining 
lamina propria 
muscularis mucosae 
(submucosa)
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8
Q

this layer is often rich in macrophages

  • acts as a barrier to bacterial invasion
  • act to help prevent the spread of infectious organisms into the body via the digestive tract
A

lamina propria

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9
Q

layer of dense or loose CT

  • has lymph and blood vessels, lies below the muscularis mucosae
  • contains a never plexus called Meissner’s plexus
  • may also contain glands and lymph nodes
A

submucosa

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10
Q

the submucosa of the digestive tract has a nerve plexus called

A

Meissner’s plexus (parasympathetic)

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11
Q

lies outside the submucosa, has two parts in the digestive tract and three in the stomach
- responsible for the gross movements of the digestive tract

A

muscularis externa

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12
Q

2 layers of the muscularis externs

and 3rd in stomach

A
  1. circular smooth muscle (closest to lumen)
  2. longitudinal smooth muscle ( furthest from lumen
    (3rd: stomach: oblique muscle layer, closest to lumen in stomach)
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13
Q

thin layer of loose CT
outermost layer of intestine
- layer is rich in blood and lymph vessels and adipose cells
-covered in simple squamous epithelium which is continuous with the lining of the peritoneal cavity- mesothelium

A

serosa or adventitia

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14
Q

the transition b/t the Stratified keratinized squamous epithelium of the skin and the stratified nonkeratinized squamous epithelium of much of the oral cavity occurs at the

A

lips

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15
Q

below the stratified squamous epithelium of the oral cavity is a layer of loose CT called the ____ _____ that contains blood and lymph vessels, small glands, nerves and aggregations of lymphocytes

A

lamina propria

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16
Q

together the stratified squamous epithelium and the lamina propria form the _____ _____, there is NO ___ ____

A

oral muscosae

NO muscularis mucosae

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17
Q

the roof of the mouth consists of ____ and ___ plates

A

hard and soft palates

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18
Q

the ___ ____ of the mouth has an intramembranous bone backing which is covered by a keratinized mucous epithelium

A

hard palate

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19
Q

the ___- ___ of the mouth has a core of skeletal muscle and is covered by a non keratinized mucous epithelium

A

soft palate

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20
Q

the ____ consists of a mass of striated muscle covered by a mucous epithelium - NonKSS in most places

A

tongue

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21
Q

4 types of papillae

A
  1. filiform papillae
  2. fungiform papillae
  3. foliate papillae
  4. circumvallate papillae
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22
Q

where are papillae found on the tongue

A

dorsal surface (top)

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23
Q

this type of papillae has a elongated conical shape, most numerous and found on the entire dorsal surface. Long, pointy

A

filiform papillae

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24
Q

this type of papillae are mushroom shaped, fewer in number that filiform, found over entire surface

A

fungiform papillae

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25
Q

this type of papillae are arranged as closet packed folds along the posterior lateral margins of the tongue and are only common in young children
- numerous taste buds in the epithelium covering the papillae

A

foliate papillae

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26
Q

these are extremely large circular papillae which has a flatted surface that extends above the other papillae. only ~12 on the entire tongue

  • MANY rase buds found on these
  • a deep groove encircles the body of the papilla
A

circumvallate papillae

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27
Q

at the base of the groove of a circumvallate papillae, there are ___ ___ glands that act to wash the surface of the papillae and clean material from taste buds.

A

serous (von Ebner’s) glands

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28
Q

oval (football) shaped muticellular structures found in the oral cavity, on the side of papillae

A

taste buds

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29
Q

3 cell types of a rase bud

A
  1. gustatory (taste) cells
  2. sustentacular (support) cells
  3. basal cells: stem cells for replacement of gustatory cells (only live 7-10 days)
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30
Q

in adults there are ___ permanent teeth

A

32

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31
Q

in childhood, there are ___ deciduous teeth

A

20

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32
Q

the tooth lies in a bony socket, the ____, that is covered by an oral mucosa celled the ____ (__) that consists of a Keratinized SSE and a lamina propria of Loose CT

A 
the alveolus (bony socket)
oral mucosa: gingiva (gums)
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33
Q

two major parts of the tooth

A
  1. crown

2. root

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34
Q

the portion of the tooth that protrudes above the gum line

A

crown

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35
Q

the portion of a tooth that extends into the alveolus

A

the root

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36
Q

3 layers of a tooth

A

inside: pulp
dentin
outside: enamel

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37
Q

these secrete organic matrix that mineralizes and forms the dentin

A

ondontoblasts

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38
Q

layers of a tooth to the bony socket

A 
inside: pulp
dentin
cementum
periodontal ligament 
alveolar bone 
outside: gingiva surround bone
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39
Q

ondontoblasts extend thin processes (____ ____) along which the organic matrix of the dentin is secreted

A

Tome’s fibers

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40
Q

dentin is covered by a further layer of mineralized organic matrix
- hardest substance in the body
formed by ameloblasts before tooth “erupts” from socket

A

enamel

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41
Q

between the cementum and the bone of the socket lies the ____ ____- consists of fibroblasts and associated collagen fibers with glycosaminoglycans in between

  • forms cushion between tooth and bone
  • attaches tooth to bone
A

periodontal ligaments

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42
Q
A

gingival sulcus

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43
Q

if your gingival sulcus is too deep, it indicates the breakdown between enamel and junctional epithelium, which is ____ ____

A

periodontal disease

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44
Q

prior to the ___ week of gestation in human embryos, the developing jaws are solid masses of tissue with little differentiation

A

5th

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45
Q

tooth development begins during the ___ to ___ weeks of gestation

A

5-6th week

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46
Q

the first indication of tooth development is the appearance of a thickened plate of epithelium labialgingival lamina (_______ _____) b/t the tongue and the upper and lower jaw

A

vestibular lamina

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47
Q

C shaped band of tissue in the gums of the upper and lower jaw is called the ___ __ or___ __

A

dental ledge of dental lamina

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48
Q

in regions where a tooth will form, a further ingrowth of the dental lamina form the ___ __

A

tooth bud

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49
Q

in 10 distinct regions of each jaw, the cells of the dental ledge proliferate rapidly by mitosis forming a cup shaped structure called the ___ ____ that is surround by jaw mesenchyme

A

enamel organ

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50
Q

the mesenchyme that fills the enamel organ cup will become the dental papilla which eventually forms the ____ and the ___ of the tooth

A

dentin and the pulp

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51
Q

the enamel organ and dental papilla are surrounded by a sheath of connective tissue called the __ __

A

dental sac

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52
Q

this stage of tooth development is first, and then differentiates into the bell stage

A

cap stage

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53
Q

formed from the cap stage of tooth development

A

bell stage

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54
Q

the inner enamel organ epithelium will eventually differentiate into cells called ____ that will form the enamel of the tooth

A

ameloblasts

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55
Q

neural crest cells in the dental papilla will form an epithelial layer directly adjacent to the ameloblasts that will differentiate into cells called ____ which will for the tooth dentin

A

ondontoblasts

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56
Q

the lips of the cup that forms the enamel organ are called the ____ ____

A

cervical loop

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57
Q

the cervical loop will partially generate as the root of the tooth develops and will become ___ ___ ___ ___

A

hertwig’s epithleial root sheath

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58
Q

in species that continuously grow teeth like rabbits and mice, the ___ ___ is retained through adulthood

A

cervical loop

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59
Q

the central region go the root is called the

A

radicular pulp cavity

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60
Q

once the tooth is fully formed it is ready to undergo ___, this process occurs after birth and involves active movement of the tooth such that it penetrates the gum tissues and extends above them.

A

eruption

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61
Q

muscular tube that transports food from mouth to stomach

A

esophagus

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62
Q

the lining of the esophagus is

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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63
Q

layers of the esophagus

A
  1. mucosa(epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa ( inner circular muscle, outer longitudinal muscle)
  4. serosa or adventitia
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64
Q

three major regions of the stomach

A
  1. cardia: cardiac stomach (connects with esophagus)
  2. body (corpus) and funds (upper hump)
  3. pyloric region( connects to duodenum)
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65
Q

the inner surface of the stomach is thrown into folds called ____ that include both mucosa and submucosa

66
Q

a narrow circular region where esophagus connects to the stomach

  • produces mucous
  • simple unbranched tubular glands in lamina
A

cardiac stomach

67
Q

4 cell types present in cardiac stomach

A
  1. mucous secreting cells
  2. lysozyme secreting cells
  3. enteroendocrine cells
  4. a few parietal cells
68
Q

has branched tubular gastric glands,
each gastric gland is separated into 3 regions (isthmus, neck, base)
main part of stomach

A

body(corpus) and fundus

69
Q

3 regions of a gastric gland

A

isthmus
neck
body

70
Q

5 cell types present in gastric glands of the body and funds of the stomach

A
  1. isthmus mucous cells
  2. neck mucous cells
  3. parietal (oxyntic) cells
  4. chief (zymogenic) cells
  5. enteroendocrine cells
71
Q

which type of cell is present in all 3 regions of a gastric gland

A

parietal cells

72
Q

cells present in the isthmus of a gastric gland

A

parietal cells

isthmus mucous cells

73
Q

cells present in the neck of a gastric gland

A

neck mucous cells
stem cells
parietal cells

74
Q

cells present in the base of a gastric gland

A

peptic cells
parietal cells
neck mucous cells
nueroendocrine cells

75
Q

present in isthmus

  • similar to mucous secreting epithelial cells of gastric pit region
  • secrete neutral mucus that protects surface from acid
A

isthmus mucous cells

76
Q

may be present in clusters in the neck of gastric glands
- secrete acid glycoprotein mucus
irregular in shape with basal nucleus

A

neck mucous cells

77
Q

these produce hydrochloric acid

  • present in entire gland but fewer at the base of gastric gland
  • rounded of pyramidal cells with spherical nucleus and acidophilic cytoplasm
  • secrete intrinsic factor
  • NO SECRETORY GRANULES
A

parietal (oxyntic) cells

78
Q

what 2 things does a parietal cell secrete

A
  1. hydrochloric acid

2. intrinsic factor

79
Q

essential for adsorption of vitamin B12 further down the digestive tract
- secreted by parietal cells in the stomach (body and fundus)

A

intrinsic factor

80
Q

mainly in the base of gastric gland in the body of the stomach
- protein synthesizing and secreting cells structure
- granules in cytoplasm
- when pepsinogen is released, it activates these cells
- forms the proteolytic enzyme pepsin
and also secretes some lipase

A

chief (zygomatic) cells

81
Q

chief cells in the body of the stomach become activated when ____ is released into the acidic environment of the stomach.

A

pepsinogen

82
Q

what do the chief cells of the body of the stomach secrete/produce

A
  1. pepsin

2. some lipase

83
Q

cells in the body of the stomach found at the base of gastric glands

  • hormone function
  • can release serotonin
A

enteroendorcrine glands

84
Q

hormone % hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is also called

  • secreted from enteroendorcrine glads
  • stimulates smooth muscle activity of the stomach
85
Q

the area of the stomach has deep gastric pits

  • these glands secrete lysozyme and gastrin
  • area closest to duodenum
A

pyloric stomach region

pylorus

86
Q

hormone that stimulates the secretion of HCL by parietal cells that are mostly bin body and funds of stomach

87
Q

gastrin stimulates the secretion of ____ by parietal cells in the stomach body

A

hydrochloric acid (HCL)

88
Q

the muscular layer of the stomach has 3 layers instead of 2

A

external muscle sublayer is longitudinal
middle muscle sublayer is circular
inner muscle sublayer is oblique

89
Q

this organ will continue the process of digestion and will also act to absorb nutrients, essentially completing the digestive process that was started higher in the tract (mouth and saliva, stomach and acid/pepsin)

A

small intestine

90
Q

long narrow tube about 21 ft in length

A

small intestine

91
Q

how long is the small intestine

A

21 ft (4-7 meters)

92
Q

3 segments of the small intestine

A
  1. duodenum (closest to stomach)
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
93
Q

shortest part of the small intestine

10 inches long (25-30 centimeters)

A

duodenum - 10 inches long

94
Q

part of the small intestine that is 8ft long (250 cm)

95
Q

part of the small intestine that is 11 ft (350cm) long

96
Q

what is the length of the entire small intestine

A

630 cm

6.3 meters

97
Q

what is the circumference of the small intestine

98
Q

surface area of the small intestine

A

6.78 sq ft

99
Q

the folds of the wall of the small intestine that include both the mucosa and the submucosa are called

A 
plicae circularis ( or valves of Kerckring) 
singular: plica circularis
100
Q

the mucosa of the small intestine is divided up into 3 characteristic sublayers

A
  1. epithelial lining of lumen
  2. lamina propria (loose CT)
  3. muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)
101
Q

the epithelial lining of the small intestine is completely renewed every

102
Q

there are around ____ microvilli convering every square millimeter of the surface of the small intestine

A

200 million

103
Q

actual inner surface area of the small intestine

A

about 200 sq meters

2153 sq feet

104
Q

cells present in to crypts of Lieberkuhn

  • interspersed b/t columnar enterocytes
  • less abundant in the duodenum and increase in number toward the ileum
  • they produce mucus- lubrication for the intestinal tract
A

goblet cells

105
Q

these cells are found in the basal regions of the crypts of Lieberhuhn
- synthesize a zymogen that is a precursor of lysozyme

A

Paneths cells

106
Q

a neurohormone that will stimulate the contraction of smooth muscle causing an increase in motility of the intestine

107
Q

serotonin is secreted by

A

argentaffin cells

108
Q

these cells take up amine precursors and decarboxylate them to amines for use in the synthesis of polypeptide hormones

  • have endocrine function
  • secrete gastrin, secretin, and somatostatin
A

APUD cells

Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation

109
Q

APUD cells
Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation cells secrete _____,_____,_____ that affect activities of the stomach and small intestine

A

gastrin
secretin
somatostatin

110
Q

stomach-G cell

111
Q

small intestine-S cell

112
Q

duodenum and pyloric stomach-D Cell

A

somatostatin

113
Q

A-stomach cells

114
Q

I - small intestine

A

cholecystokinin

115
Q

at the beginning of the duodenum, coiled tubular glands located in the submucosa open into the base of the intestinal crypts that lie between adjacent villi

A

Brunner’s glands

116
Q

Brunner’s glands secrete ____ ___ that protects the duodenal epithelium from stomach acids

A

alkaline mucus

117
Q

these structures are the intestinal glands

  • these extend into the lamina propria b/t adjacent villi
  • the epithelium lining these glands is continuous with the epithelium of the villi
A

crypts of liberkuhn

118
Q

section of the small intestine

  • lacks brunner’s glands
  • lacks lymph nodes in the lamina propria
  • lacteals (lymph vessel in the lamina propria) are well developed to maximize fat absorption
119
Q

section of the small intestine
- presence of dense aggregations of diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphoid nodules in the lamina propria and submucosa that are called peyer’s patches

120
Q

dense aggregations of diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphoid nodules in the lamina propria and submucosa called
- in ileum of SI

A

Peyer’s patches

121
Q

specialized for

  • water adsorption, electrolyte absorption, some vitamin absorption
  • condensation and formation of the fecal mass
  • mucus production for lubrication and gives body to feces
A

Large intestine

122
Q

how long is the large intestine

A

1.5 meters

123
Q

the epithelium lining the large intestine is a ____ ____ ____ of enterocyte absorptive cells with microvilli at apical ends and goblet cells

A

simple columnar epithelium

124
Q

the entire walls of which compose the large intestine are made of

A

crypts of lieberkuhn

125
Q

3 outer longitudinal bands of smooth muscle called the ____ ___-, in the muscularis externs of the colon

A

taenia coli

126
Q

the serial layer of the colon is characterized by protuberances of adipose tissue called ___ ____

A

appendices epiploicae

127
Q

there are a number of organ associated with the digestive tract that assist in the digestion of food in several ways (4)

A
  1. salivary glands
  2. pancreas
  3. liver
  4. gall bladder
128
Q

secrete fluid and mucus to wet and lubricate ingested food

secrete various proteineceous enzymes (amylase, lipase, maltase) that initiate the process of digestion

A

salivary glands

129
Q

what do salivary glands secret

A 
fluid 
mucus
amylase
lipase
maltase
130
Q

7 types of salivary glands

A
  1. labial
  2. palatine
  3. parotid
  4. buccal
  5. submaxillary
  6. sublingual
  7. anterior lingual
131
Q

a mixed endocrine and exocrine organ involved in digestion

132
Q

precursors of enzymes like lipase and the proteolytic digestive enzymes trypsin, and chymotrypsin are synthesized and secreted by ___ ___ of the pancreas
(exocrine function)

A

acinar cells

133
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas

A

zymogen secretion

enzymes (trypsin)

134
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas

A

hormone secretion

135
Q

insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin are secreted by cells of the ___ ___ _____ in the pancreas

A

islets of langerhans

136
Q

exocrine portion of pancreas is a ____, compound, acinar gland

137
Q

small sacs that attach to a central (intercalated) duct of a racemose gland - compound

A

acinus cell

138
Q

having the form of a raceme

139
Q

a type of inflorescence composed of a group of structures connected to a central axis. usually related to flowers

140
Q

T/F: the pancreas has a connective tissue capsule

141
Q

ducts that the pancreatic acini connect to are called ______ ___ (ducts to which acini of a gland directly connect)

A

intercalated ducts

142
Q

the intercalated ducts connect to ___ ___ located within the pancreatic lobes

A

intralobular ducts (not much CT)

143
Q

the intralobular connect to larger ____ ____ in the septa between lobes

A

interlobular ducts (lots of CT)

144
Q

interlobular ducts connect to the main pancreatic ducts, the major duct of ____ and the accessory duct of ______

A

major duct of Wirsung

accessory duct of Santorini

145
Q

all secretions eventually reach the main pancreatic ducts that empty into the ___ ___ duct via the duct of Wirsung in humans

A

common bile duct

146
Q

pancreatic exocrine secretion is controlled by the hormones ____ and _____

A

secretin and cholecystokinin

147
Q

endocrine portion of pancreas
- amongst the acini of the pancreas are globular cellular aggregations containing a number of different types of secretory cells and fenestrated capillaries, these aggregations are called

A

islet of langerhans

148
Q

these contain the cells that secrete
glucagon
insulin
and somatostatin

A

islets of langerhans

149
Q

alpha cells of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas secrete

A

glucagon

20% of the cells

150
Q

what % of the islet of langerhans in the pancreas are alpha cells that secrete glucagon

151
Q

beta cells of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas secrete

A

insulin

70% of cells

152
Q

what % of the islet of langerhans in the pancreas are beta cells that secrete insulin

153
Q

delta cells of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas secrete

A

somatostatin

5%

154
Q

what % of the islet of langerhans in the pancreas are delta cells that secrete somatostatin

155
Q

increases blood glucose

156
Q

lowers blood glucose

157
Q

inhibits release of growth hormone

A

somatostatin

158
Q

glucagon has what effect

A

increases blood glucose

159
Q

insulin has what effect

A

lowers blood glucose

160
Q

somatostatin has what effect

A

inhibits release of growth hormone

161
Q

if enzymes are activated inside pancreatic ducts, it will cause ______, will start to digest pancreas

A

pancreatitis : inflammation of the pancreas

Histology Exam 2 (6 decks)

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